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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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Version 1, February 1989
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Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users
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at the mercy of those companies. By contrast, our General Public
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License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
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software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. The
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General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's
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software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it.
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You can use it for your programs, too.
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
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price. Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make
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sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free
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software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,
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that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free
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programs; and that you know you can do these things.
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
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anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
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These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
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distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether
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gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
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you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
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source code. And you must tell them their rights.
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
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(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
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distribute and/or modify the software.
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
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that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
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software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
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want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
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that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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0. This License Agreement applies to any program or other work which
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contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be
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distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The
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"Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based
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on the Program" means either the Program or any work containing the
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Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications. Each
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licensee is addressed as "you".
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
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code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
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appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and
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disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this
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General Public License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any
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other recipients of the Program a copy of this General Public License
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along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of
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2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of
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it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the terms of Paragraph
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1 above, provided that you also do the following:
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a) cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that
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you changed the files and the date of any change; and
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b) cause the whole of any work that you distribute or publish, that
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in whole or in part contains the Program or any part thereof, either
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with or without modifications, to be licensed at no charge to all
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third parties under the terms of this General Public License (except
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that you may choose to grant warranty protection to some or all
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third parties, at your option).
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c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when
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run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use
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in the simplest and most usual way, to print or display an
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announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice
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that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a
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warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these
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conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this General
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d) You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a
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copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in
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Mere aggregation of another independent work with the Program (or its
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derivative) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring
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the other work under the scope of these terms.
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a portion or derivative of
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it, under Paragraph 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
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Paragraphs 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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a) accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
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source code, which must be distributed under the terms of
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Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or,
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b) accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
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years, to give any third party free (except for a nominal charge
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for the cost of distribution) a complete machine-readable copy of the
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corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of
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Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or,
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c) accompany it with the information you received as to where the
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corresponding source code may be obtained. (This alternative is
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allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
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received the program in object code or executable form alone.)
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Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making
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modifications to it. For an executable file, complete source code means
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all the source code for all modules it contains; but, as a special
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exception, it need not include source code for modules which are standard
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libraries that accompany the operating system on which the executable
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file runs, or for standard header files or definitions files that
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accompany that operating system.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the
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Program except as expressly provided under this General Public License.
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Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer
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the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights to use
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the Program under this License. However, parties who have received
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copies, or rights to use copies, from you under this General Public
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License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
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remain in full compliance.
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5. By copying, distributing or modifying the Program (or any work based
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on the Program) you indicate your acceptance of this license to do so,
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and all its terms and conditions.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
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Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original
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licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these
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terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the
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recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
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7. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
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of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
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be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
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address new problems or concerns.
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
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specifies a version number of the license which applies to it and "any
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later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
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either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
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Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
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the license, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
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8. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
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programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
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to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
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Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
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make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
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of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
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of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
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9. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
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FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
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OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
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PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
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OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
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TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
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PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
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REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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10. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
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WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
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REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
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INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
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OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
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TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
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YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
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PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
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POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
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If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
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possible use to humanity, the best way to achieve this is to make it
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free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
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To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
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attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey
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the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
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"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
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<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
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Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author>
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This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option)
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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GNU General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
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If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
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when it starts in an interactive mode:
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Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19xx name of author
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Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
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This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
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under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
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The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
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appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
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commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
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c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
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You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
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school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
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necessary. Here a sample; alter the names:
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Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the
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program `Gnomovision' (a program to direct compilers to make passes
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at assemblers) written by James Hacker.
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<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
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Ty Coon, President of Vice
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That's all there is to it!
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xgcl-2/gnu.license
