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@c The GNU Free Documentation License.
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@center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
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@c This file is intended to be included within another document,
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@c hence no sectioning command or @node.
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Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
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assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
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with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
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Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
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to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
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for modifications made by others.
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This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
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works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
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complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
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license designed for free software.
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
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software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
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program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
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software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
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it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
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whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
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principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
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APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
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contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
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distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
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world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
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work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below,
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refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
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licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you
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copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
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A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
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Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
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modifications and/or translated into another language.
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A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
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of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
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publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
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subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
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directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
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part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
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any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
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connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
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commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
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The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
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are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
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that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
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section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
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allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
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Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
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Sections then there are none.
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The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
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as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
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the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
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be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
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A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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represented in a format whose specification is available to the
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general public, that is suitable for revising the document
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straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
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pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
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drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
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for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
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to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
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format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
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or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
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An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
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of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input
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format, SGML or XML using a publicly available
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DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,
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PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples
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of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and
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JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
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read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
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XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are
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not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML,
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PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for
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output purposes only.
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The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
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plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
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this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
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formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
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the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
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preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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The ``publisher'' means any person or entity that distributes copies
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of the Document to the public.
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A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
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title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
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text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
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specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
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``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title''
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of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
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section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
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states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
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Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
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License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
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implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
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no effect on the meaning of this License.
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
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copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
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to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
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conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
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technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
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copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
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compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
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number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
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you may publicly display copies.
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If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
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printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
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Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
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copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
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Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
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the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
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you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
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the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
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visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
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Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
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the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
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as verbatim copying in other respects.
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
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legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
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reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
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more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
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copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
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a computer-network location from which the general network-using
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public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
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a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
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If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
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when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
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that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
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location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
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Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
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edition to the public.
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
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Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
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them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
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You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
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the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
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the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
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Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
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and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
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of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
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Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
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from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
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(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
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of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
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if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
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List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
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responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
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Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
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Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
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unless they release you from this requirement.
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State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
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Modified Version, as the publisher.
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Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
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Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
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adjacent to the other copyright notices.
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Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
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giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
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terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
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Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
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and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
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Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
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to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
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publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
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there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
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stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
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given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
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Version as stated in the previous sentence.
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Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
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public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
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the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
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it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
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You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
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least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
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publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
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For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
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the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
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substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
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dedications given therein.
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Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
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unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
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or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
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Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section
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may not be included in the Modified Version.
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Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
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to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
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Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
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If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
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appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
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copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
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of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
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list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
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These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
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You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
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nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
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been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
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passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
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Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
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through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
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includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
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by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
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you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
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permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
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The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
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give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
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imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
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License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
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versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
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Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
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list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
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license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
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The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
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multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
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copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
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different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
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adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
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author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
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Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
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Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
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In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
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in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
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``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
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and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all
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sections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
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COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
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You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
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released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
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License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
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the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
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verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
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it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
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License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
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other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
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AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
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and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
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distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
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resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
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of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
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When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
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apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
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derivative works of the Document.
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If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
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copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
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the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
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covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
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electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
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Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
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Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
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distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
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Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
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permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
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translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
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original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
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translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
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Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
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the original English version of this License and the original versions
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of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
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the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
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or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
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If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
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``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
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its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
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You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
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except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
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otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
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will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
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However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
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from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
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unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
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terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
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fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
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60 days after the cessation.
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Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
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reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
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violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
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received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
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copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
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your receipt of the notice.
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Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
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licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
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this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
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reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
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not give you any rights to use it.
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FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
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of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
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versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
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differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
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@uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
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If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
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License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
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following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
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of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
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Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
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number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
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as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
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specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
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License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
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version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
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``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site'' (or ``MMC Site'') means any
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World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
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provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
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public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
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``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'') contained in the
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site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
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``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
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corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
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California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
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published by that same organization.
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``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
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in part, as part of another Document.
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An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this
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License, and if all works that were first published under this License
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somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
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or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
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and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
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The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
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under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
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provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
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@heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
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the License in the document and put the following copyright and
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license notices just after the title page:
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Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
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Free Documentation License''.
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If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
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replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.''@: line with this:
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with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
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the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
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free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
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to permit their use in free software.
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@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"
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doc/fdl.texi
