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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/html40/strict.dtd">
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<TITLE>GNU Free Documentation License</TITLE>
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GNU Free Documentation License
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Version 1.1, March 2000
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Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
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the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
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modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
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this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
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credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
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modifications made by others.
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This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
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works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
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complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
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license designed for free software.
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
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software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
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program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
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software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
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it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
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whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
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principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
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1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
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notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
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under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any
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such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
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A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
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A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
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are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
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as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
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preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
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as verbatim copying in other respects.
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legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
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reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
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them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
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You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
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A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
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responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
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Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
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Modified Version, as the publisher.
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giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
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terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
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G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
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and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
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H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
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it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
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publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
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there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
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given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
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Version as stated in the previous sentence.
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J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
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public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
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the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
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it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
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K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
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substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
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L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
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M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
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been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
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passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
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you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
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The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
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give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
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imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
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License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
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versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
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Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
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list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
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The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
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multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
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adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
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author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
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Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
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Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
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In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
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in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
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"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
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and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
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entitled "Endorsements."
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6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
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You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
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released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
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License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
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the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
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verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
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it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
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License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
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other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
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7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
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and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
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distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
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of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
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compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
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License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
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with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
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are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
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If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
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copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
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of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
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covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
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Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
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Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
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distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
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Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
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permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
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translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
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original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
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translation of this License provided that you also include the
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original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
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between the translation and the original English version of this
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License, the original English version will prevail.
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You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
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as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
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copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
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automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
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parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
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License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
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parties remain in full compliance.
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10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
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of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
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versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
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differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
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http:///www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
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If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
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following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
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of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
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Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
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as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
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the License in the document and put the following copyright and
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license notices just after the title page:
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Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
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Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Free Documentation License".
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If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
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instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
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Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
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"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
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free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
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to permit their use in free software.