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GNU Free Documentation License
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Version 1.1, March 2000
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Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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Version 1.2, November 2002
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Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
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the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
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modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
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this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
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credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
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modifications made by others.
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functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
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assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
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with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
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Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
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to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
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for modifications made by others.
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This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
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works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
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1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
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notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
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under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any
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such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
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This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
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contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
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distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
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world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
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work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
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refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
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licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
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copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
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A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
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Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
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the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
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publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
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(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
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within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
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within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
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textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
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mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
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connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
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are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
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that says that the Document is released under this License.
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that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
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section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
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allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
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Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
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Sections then there are none.
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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
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as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
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the Document is released under this License.
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the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
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be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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represented in a format whose specification is available to the
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general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
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general public, that is suitable for revising the document
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straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
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pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
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drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
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for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
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to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
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format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
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subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is
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not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
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format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
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or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
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An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
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of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
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or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
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HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include
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PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
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by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
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HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
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transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
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include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
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proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
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processing tools are not generally available, and the
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machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
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machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
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processors for output purposes only.
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The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
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plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
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the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
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preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
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title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
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text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
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specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
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"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
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of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
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section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
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states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
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Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
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License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
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implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
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no effect on the meaning of this License.
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2. VERBATIM COPYING
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3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
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and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
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the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
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If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
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printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
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Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
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copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
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Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
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the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
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you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
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more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
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copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
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a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
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Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
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general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
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charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
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option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
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distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
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Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
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until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
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copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
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a computer-network location from which the general network-using
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public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
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a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
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If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
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when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
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that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
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location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
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Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
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edition to the public.
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
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Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
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B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
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responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
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Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
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Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
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Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
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unless they release you from this requirement.
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C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
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Modified Version, as the publisher.
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D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
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G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
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and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
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H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
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it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
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I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
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to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
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publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
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there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
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there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
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stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
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given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
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Version as stated in the previous sentence.
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You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
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least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
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publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
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K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
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preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
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substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
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K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
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Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
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the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
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and/or dedications given therein.
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L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
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unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
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or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
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M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
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M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
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may not be included in the Modified Version.
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N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"
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N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
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or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
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O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
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If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
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appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
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list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
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These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
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You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
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You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
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nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
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been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
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Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
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Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
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In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
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in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
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"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
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and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
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entitled "Endorsements."
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In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
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in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
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"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
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and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
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Entitled "Endorsements".
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6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
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other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
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7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
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and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
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distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
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of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
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compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
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License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
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with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
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are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
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distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
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resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
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of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
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When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
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apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
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derivative works of the Document.
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If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
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copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
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of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
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covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
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Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
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copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
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the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
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covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
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electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
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Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
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permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
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translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
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original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
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translation of this License provided that you also include the
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original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
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between the translation and the original English version of this
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License, the original English version will prevail.
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translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
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Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
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the original English version of this License and the original versions
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of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
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the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
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or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
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If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
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"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
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its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
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of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
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versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
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differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
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http:///www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
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differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
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http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
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If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
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the License in the document and put the following copyright and
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license notices just after the title page:
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Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
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Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Free Documentation License".
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If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
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instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
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Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
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"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
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Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Free Documentation License".
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If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
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replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
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with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
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Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
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