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<div class="section" id="module-textwrap">
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<span id="textwrap-text-wrapping-and-filling"></span><h1>7.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-textwrap" title="textwrap: Text wrapping and filling"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code></a> — Text wrapping and filling<a class="headerlink" href="#module-textwrap" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/2.7/Lib/textwrap.py">Lib/textwrap.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-textwrap" title="textwrap: Text wrapping and filling"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code></a> module provides two convenience functions, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> and
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<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a>, as well as <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>, the class that does all the work,
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and a utility function <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.dedent" title="textwrap.dedent"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dedent()</span></code></a>. If you’re just wrapping or filling one
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or two text strings, the convenience functions should be good enough;
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otherwise, you should use an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> for efficiency.</p>
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<dt id="textwrap.wrap">
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<code class="descclassname">textwrap.</code><code class="descname">wrap</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>width</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em> (a string) so every line is at most <em>width</em>
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characters long. Returns a list of output lines, without final newlines.</p>
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<p>Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of
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<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>, documented below. <em>width</em> defaults to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">70</span></code>.</p>
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<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper.wrap()</span></code></a> method for additional details on how
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<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> behaves.</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="textwrap.fill">
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<code class="descclassname">textwrap.</code><code class="descname">fill</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>width</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.fill" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em>, and returns a single string containing the
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wrapped paragraph. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> is shorthand for</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wrap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<p>In particular, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> accepts exactly the same keyword arguments as
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<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a>.</p>
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<p>Both <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> work by creating a <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>
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instance and calling a single method on it. That instance is not reused, so for
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applications that wrap/fill many text strings, it will be more efficient for you
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to create your own <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> object.</p>
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<p>Text is preferably wrapped on whitespaces and right after the hyphens in
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hyphenated words; only then will long words be broken if necessary, unless
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<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper.break_long_words</span></code></a> is set to false.</p>
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<p>An additional utility function, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.dedent" title="textwrap.dedent"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dedent()</span></code></a>, is provided to remove
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indentation from strings that have unwanted whitespace to the left of the text.</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="textwrap.dedent">
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<code class="descclassname">textwrap.</code><code class="descname">dedent</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.dedent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in <em>text</em>.</p>
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<p>This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left edge of the
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display, while still presenting them in the source code in indented form.</p>
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<p>Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they are not
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equal: the lines <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"</span> <span class="pre">hello"</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"\thello"</span></code> are considered to have no
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common leading whitespace. (This behaviour is new in Python 2.5; older versions
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of this module incorrectly expanded tabs before searching for common leading
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="c1"># end first line with \ to avoid the empty line!</span>
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<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'''</span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="s1"> hello</span>
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<span class="s1"> world</span>
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<span class="s1"> '''</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># prints ' hello\n world\n '</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dedent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># prints 'hello\n world\n'</span>
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">textwrap.</code><code class="descname">TextWrapper</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>...</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> constructor accepts a number of optional keyword
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arguments. Each argument corresponds to one instance attribute, so for example</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">wrapper</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextWrapper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initial_indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"* "</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>is the same as</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">wrapper</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextWrapper</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="n">wrapper</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">initial_indent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"* "</span>
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<p>You can re-use the same <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> object many times, and you can
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change any of its options through direct assignment to instance attributes
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> instance attributes (and keyword arguments to the
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constructor) are as follows:</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.width">
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<code class="descname">width</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">70</span></code>) The maximum length of wrapped lines. As long as there
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are no individual words in the input text longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>,
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<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> guarantees that no output line will be longer than
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<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> characters.</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs">
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<code class="descname">expand_tabs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, then all tab characters in <em>text</em> will be
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expanded to spaces using the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">expandtabs()</span></code> method of <em>text</em>.</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace">
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<code class="descname">replace_whitespace</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, after tab expansion but before wrapping,
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the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> method will replace each whitespace character
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with a single space. The whitespace characters replaced are
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as follows: tab, newline, vertical tab, formfeed, and carriage
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return (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'\t\n\v\f\r'</span></code>).</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">If <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">expand_tabs</span></code></a> is false and <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></code></a> is true,
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each tab character will be replaced by a single space, which is <em>not</em>
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the same as tab expansion.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">If <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></code></a> is false, newlines may appear in the
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middle of a line and cause strange output. For this reason, text should
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be split into paragraphs (using <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str.splitlines" title="str.splitlines"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">str.splitlines()</span></code></a> or similar)
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which are wrapped separately.</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace">
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<code class="descname">drop_whitespace</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, whitespace at the beginning and ending of
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every line (after wrapping but before indenting) is dropped.
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Whitespace at the beginning of the paragraph, however, is not dropped
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if non-whitespace follows it. If whitespace being dropped takes up an
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entire line, the whole line is dropped.</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6: </span>Whitespace was always dropped in earlier versions.</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.initial_indent">
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<code class="descname">initial_indent</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.initial_indent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">''</span></code>) String that will be prepended to the first line of
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wrapped output. Counts towards the length of the first line. The empty
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string is not indented.</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.subsequent_indent">
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<code class="descname">subsequent_indent</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.subsequent_indent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">''</span></code>) String that will be prepended to all lines of wrapped
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output except the first. Counts towards the length of each line except
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings">
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<code class="descname">fix_sentence_endings</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></code>) If true, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> attempts to detect
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sentence endings and ensure that sentences are always separated by exactly
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two spaces. This is generally desired for text in a monospaced font.
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However, the sentence detection algorithm is imperfect: it assumes that a
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sentence ending consists of a lowercase letter followed by one of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'.'</span></code>,
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<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'!'</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>, possibly followed by one of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'"'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"'"</span></code>,
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followed by a space. One problem with this is algorithm is that it is
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unable to detect the difference between “Dr.” in</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>[...] Dr. Frankenstein's monster [...]
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<p>and “Spot.” in</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>[...] See Spot. See Spot run [...]
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">fix_sentence_endings</span></code></a> is false by default.</p>
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<p>Since the sentence detection algorithm relies on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">string.lowercase</span></code> for
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the definition of “lowercase letter,” and a convention of using two spaces
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after a period to separate sentences on the same line, it is specific to
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English-language texts.</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
257
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words">
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<code class="descname">break_long_words</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, then words longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> will be
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broken in order to ensure that no lines are longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>. If
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it is false, long words will not be broken, and some lines may be longer
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than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>. (Long words will be put on a line by themselves, in
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order to minimize the amount by which <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> is exceeded.)</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens">
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<code class="descname">break_on_hyphens</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, wrapping will occur preferably on whitespaces
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and right after hyphens in compound words, as it is customary in English.
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If false, only whitespaces will be considered as potentially good places
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for line breaks, but you need to set <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">break_long_words</span></code></a> to false if
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you want truly insecable words. Default behaviour in previous versions
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was to always allow breaking hyphenated words.</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> also provides two public methods, analogous to the
281
module-level convenience functions:</p>
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap">
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<code class="descname">wrap</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em> (a string) so every line is at most
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<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> characters long. All wrapping options are taken from
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instance attributes of the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> instance. Returns a list
288
of output lines, without final newlines. If the wrapped output has no
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content, the returned list is empty.</p>
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<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.fill">
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<code class="descname">fill</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fill" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em>, and returns a single string
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containing the wrapped paragraph.</p>
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