~dkuhlman/python-training-materials/Materials

<h1>20.5. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">xml.etree.ElementTree</code></a> — The ElementTree XML API<a class="headerlink" href="#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>

Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.5/Lib/xml/etree/ElementTree.py">Lib/xml/etree/ElementTree.py</a>

The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">xml.etree.ElementTree</code></a> module implements a simple and efficient API

for parsing and creating XML data.

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Changed in version 3.3: This module will use a fast implementation whenever available.

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The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">xml.etree.cElementTree</code> module is deprecated.

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</div>

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Warning

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The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">xml.etree.ElementTree</code></a> module is not secure against

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maliciously constructed data. If you need to parse untrusted or

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unauthenticated data see <a class="reference internal" href="xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">XML vulnerabilities</a>.

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</div>

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<h2>20.5.1. Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>

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This is a short tutorial for using <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">xml.etree.ElementTree</code></a> (<code class="docutils literal">ET</code> in

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short). The goal is to demonstrate some of the building blocks and basic

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concepts of the module.

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<h3>20.5.1.1. XML tree and elements<a class="headerlink" href="#xml-tree-and-elements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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XML is an inherently hierarchical data format, and the most natural way to

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represent it is with a tree. <code class="docutils literal">ET</code> has two classes for this purpose -

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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">ElementTree</code></a> represents the whole XML document as a tree, and

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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> represents a single node in this tree. Interactions with

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the whole document (reading and writing to/from files) are usually done

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on the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">ElementTree</code></a> level. Interactions with a single XML element

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and its sub-elements are done on the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> level.

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</div>

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<h3>20.5.1.2. Parsing XML<a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-xml" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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We’ll be using the following XML document as the sample data for this section:

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<data>

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</country>

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</country>

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</country>

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</data>

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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We can import this data by reading from a file:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

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tree = ET.parse('country_data.xml')

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root = tree.getroot()

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Or directly from a string:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>root = ET.fromstring(country_data_as_string)

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.fromstring" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.fromstring"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">fromstring()</code></a> parses XML from a string directly into an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a>,

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which is the root element of the parsed tree. Other parsing functions may

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create an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">ElementTree</code></a>. Check the documentation to be sure.

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As an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a>, <code class="docutils literal">root</code> has a tag and a dictionary of attributes:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> root.tag

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'data'

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>>> root.attrib

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{}

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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It also has children nodes over which we can iterate:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> for child in root:

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... print(child.tag, child.attrib)

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...

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country {'name': 'Liechtenstein'}

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country {'name': 'Singapore'}

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country {'name': 'Panama'}

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Children are nested, and we can access specific child nodes by index:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> root[0][1].text

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'2008'

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Note

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Not all elements of the XML input will end up as elements of the

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parsed tree. Currently, this module skips over any XML comments,

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processing instructions, and document type declarations in the

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input. Nevertheless, trees built using this module’s API rather

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than parsing from XML text can have comments and processing

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instructions in them; they will be included when generating XML

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output. A document type declaration may be accessed by passing a

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custom <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">TreeBuilder</code></a> instance to the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a>

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constructor.

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</div>

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</div>

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<h3>20.5.1.3. Pull API for non-blocking parsing<a class="headerlink" href="#pull-api-for-non-blocking-parsing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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Most parsing functions provided by this module require the whole document

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to be read at once before returning any result. It is possible to use an

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calls methods on a callback target, which is too low-level and inconvenient for

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most needs. Sometimes what the user really wants is to be able to parse XML

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incrementally, without blocking operations, while enjoying the convenience of

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fully constructed <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> objects.

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The most powerful tool for doing this is <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLPullParser</code></a>. It does not

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require a blocking read to obtain the XML data, and is instead fed with data

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incrementally with <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.feed" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.feed"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">XMLPullParser.feed()</code></a> calls. To get the parsed XML

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elements, call <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">XMLPullParser.read_events()</code></a>. Here is an example:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> parser = ET.XMLPullParser(['start', 'end'])

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>>> parser.feed('<mytag>sometext')

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>>> list(parser.read_events())

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[('start', <Element 'mytag' at 0x7fa66db2be58>)]

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>>> parser.feed(' more text</mytag>')

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>>> for event, elem in parser.read_events():

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... print(event)

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... print(elem.tag, 'text=', elem.text)

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...

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end

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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The obvious use case is applications that operate in a non-blocking fashion

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where the XML data is being received from a socket or read incrementally from

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some storage device. In such cases, blocking reads are unacceptable.

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Because it’s so flexible, <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLPullParser</code></a> can be inconvenient to use for

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simpler use-cases. If you don’t mind your application blocking on reading XML

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data but would still like to have incremental parsing capabilities, take a look

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at <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.iterparse" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.iterparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">iterparse()</code></a>. It can be useful when you’re reading a large XML document

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and don’t want to hold it wholly in memory.

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</div>

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<h3>20.5.1.4. Finding interesting elements<a class="headerlink" href="#finding-interesting-elements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> has some useful methods that help iterate recursively over all

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the sub-tree below it (its children, their children, and so on). For example,

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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.iter" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.iter"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.iter()</code></a>:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> for neighbor in root.iter('neighbor'):

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... print(neighbor.attrib)

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...

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{'name': 'Austria', 'direction': 'E'}

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{'name': 'Switzerland', 'direction': 'W'}

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{'name': 'Malaysia', 'direction': 'N'}

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{'name': 'Costa Rica', 'direction': 'W'}

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{'name': 'Colombia', 'direction': 'E'}

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findall" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findall"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.findall()</code></a> finds only elements with a tag which are direct

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children of the current element. <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.find" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.find"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.find()</code></a> finds the first child

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with a particular tag, and <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.text" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.text"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Element.text</code></a> accesses the element’s text

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content. <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.get" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.get"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.get()</code></a> accesses the element’s attributes:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> for country in root.findall('country'):

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... rank = country.find('rank').text

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... name = country.get('name')

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... print(name, rank)

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...

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Liechtenstein 1

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Singapore 4

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Panama 68

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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More sophisticated specification of which elements to look for is possible by

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using <a class="reference internal" href="#elementtree-xpath">XPath</a>.

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</div>

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<h3>20.5.1.5. Modifying an XML File<a class="headerlink" href="#modifying-an-xml-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">ElementTree</code></a> provides a simple way to build XML documents and write them to files.

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The <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.write" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.write"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">ElementTree.write()</code></a> method serves this purpose.

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Once created, an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> object may be manipulated by directly changing

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its fields (such as <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.text" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.text"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Element.text</code></a>), adding and modifying attributes

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(<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.set" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.set"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.set()</code></a> method), as well as adding new children (for example

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with <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.append" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.append"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.append()</code></a>).

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Let’s say we want to add one to each country’s rank, and add an <code class="docutils literal">updated</code>

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attribute to the rank element:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> for rank in root.iter('rank'):

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... new_rank = int(rank.text) + 1

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... rank.text = str(new_rank)

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... rank.set('updated', 'yes')

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...

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>>> tree.write('output.xml')

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Our XML now looks like this:

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<data>

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</country>

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</country>

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</country>

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</data>

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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We can remove elements using <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.remove" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.remove"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.remove()</code></a>. Let’s say we want to

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remove all countries with a rank higher than 50:

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... rank = int(country.find('rank').text)

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... if rank > 50:

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... root.remove(country)

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...

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>>> tree.write('output.xml')

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Our XML now looks like this:

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<data>

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</country>

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</country>

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</data>

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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</div>

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<h3>20.5.1.6. Building XML documents<a class="headerlink" href="#building-xml-documents" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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The <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">SubElement()</code></a> function also provides a convenient way to create new

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sub-elements for a given element:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> a = ET.Element('a')

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>>> b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')

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>>> c = ET.SubElement(a, 'c')

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>>> d = ET.SubElement(c, 'd')

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>>> ET.dump(a)

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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</div>

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<h3>20.5.1.7. Parsing XML with Namespaces<a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-xml-with-namespaces" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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If the XML input has <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_namespace">namespaces</a>, tags and attributes

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with prefixes in the form <code class="docutils literal">prefix:sometag</code> get expanded to

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<code class="docutils literal">{uri}sometag</code> where the prefix is replaced by the full URI.

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Also, if there is a <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-names-20060816/#defaulting">default namespace</a>,

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that full URI gets prepended to all of the non-prefixed tags.

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Here is an XML example that incorporates two namespaces, one with the

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prefix “fictional” and the other serving as the default namespace:

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<actors xmlns:fictional="http://characters.example.com"

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xmlns="http://people.example.com">

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<actor>

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<name>John Cleese</name>

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<fictional:character>Lancelot</fictional:character>

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<fictional:character>Archie Leach</fictional:character>

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</actor>

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<actor>

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<fictional:character>Sir Robin</fictional:character>

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<fictional:character>Gunther</fictional:character>

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<fictional:character>Commander Clement</fictional:character>

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</actor>

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</actors>

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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One way to search and explore this XML example is to manually add the

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URI to every tag or attribute in the xpath of a

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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.find" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.find"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">find()</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findall" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findall"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">findall()</code></a>:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>root = fromstring(xml_text)

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for actor in root.findall('{http://people.example.com}actor'):

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name = actor.find('{http://people.example.com}name')

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print(name.text)

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for char in actor.findall('{http://characters.example.com}character'):

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print(' |-->', char.text)

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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A better way to search the namespaced XML example is to create a

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dictionary with your own prefixes and use those in the search functions:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>ns = {'real_person': 'http://people.example.com',

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'role': 'http://characters.example.com'}

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for actor in root.findall('real_person:actor', ns):

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name = actor.find('real_person:name', ns)

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print(name.text)

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for char in actor.findall('role:character', ns):

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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These two approaches both output:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>John Cleese

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|--> Lancelot

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|--> Archie Leach

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Eric Idle

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|--> Sir Robin

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|--> Gunther

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|--> Commander Clement

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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</div>

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<h3>20.5.1.8. Additional resources<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-resources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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See <a class="reference external" href="http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm">http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm</a> for tutorials and links to other

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docs.

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</div>

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</div>

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<h2>20.5.2. XPath support<a class="headerlink" href="#xpath-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>

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This module provides limited support for

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<a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath">XPath expressions</a> for locating elements in a

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tree. The goal is to support a small subset of the abbreviated syntax; a full

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XPath engine is outside the scope of the module.

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<h3>20.5.2.1. Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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Here’s an example that demonstrates some of the XPath capabilities of the

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module. We’ll be using the <code class="docutils literal">countrydata</code> XML document from the

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<a class="reference internal" href="#elementtree-parsing-xml">Parsing XML</a> section:

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root = ET.fromstring(countrydata)

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# Top-level elements

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root.findall(".")

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# All 'neighbor' grand-children of 'country' children of the top-level

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# elements

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root.findall("./country/neighbor")

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# Nodes with name='Singapore' that have a 'year' child

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root.findall(".//year/..[@name='Singapore']")

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# 'year' nodes that are children of nodes with name='Singapore'

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root.findall(".//*[@name='Singapore']/year")

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# All 'neighbor' nodes that are the second child of their parent

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root.findall(".//neighbor[2]")

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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</div>

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<h3>20.5.2.2. Supported XPath syntax<a class="headerlink" href="#supported-xpath-syntax" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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</colgroup>

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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Syntax</th>

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<th class="head">Meaning</th>

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</tr>

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</thead>

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<td>Selects all child elements with the given tag.

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For example, <code class="docutils literal">spam</code> selects all child elements

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named <code class="docutils literal">spam</code>, and <code class="docutils literal">spam/egg</code> selects all

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grandchildren named <code class="docutils literal">egg</code> in all children named

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</tr>

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<td>Selects all child elements. For example, <code class="docutils literal">*/egg</code>

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selects all grandchildren named <code class="docutils literal">egg</code>.</td>

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</tr>

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<td>Selects the current node. This is mostly useful

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at the beginning of the path, to indicate that it’s

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a relative path.</td>

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</tr>

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<td>Selects all subelements, on all levels beneath the

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current element. For example, <code class="docutils literal">.//egg</code> selects

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all <code class="docutils literal">egg</code> elements in the entire tree.</td>

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</tr>

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<td>Selects the parent element. Returns <code class="docutils literal">None</code> if the

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path attempts to reach the ancestors of the start

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element (the element <code class="docutils literal">find</code> was called on).</td>

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</tr>

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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal">[@attrib]</code></td>

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<td>Selects all elements that have the given attribute.</td>

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</tr>

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<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal">[@attrib='value']</code></td>

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<td>Selects all elements for which the given attribute

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has the given value. The value cannot contain

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quotes.</td>

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</tr>

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<td>Selects all elements that have a child named

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<code class="docutils literal">tag</code>. Only immediate children are supported.</td>

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</tr>

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<td>Selects all elements that have a child named

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<code class="docutils literal">tag</code> whose complete text content, including

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descendants, equals the given <code class="docutils literal">text</code>.</td>

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</tr>

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<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal">[position]</code></td>

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<td>Selects all elements that are located at the given

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position. The position can be either an integer

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(1 is the first position), the expression <code class="docutils literal">last()</code>

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(for the last position), or a position relative to

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the last position (e.g. <code class="docutils literal">last()-1</code>).</td>

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</tr>

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</tbody>

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</table>

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Predicates (expressions within square brackets) must be preceded by a tag

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name, an asterisk, or another predicate. <code class="docutils literal">position</code> predicates must be

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preceded by a tag name.

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</div>

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</div>

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<h2>20.5.3. Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>

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<h3>20.5.3.1. Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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527

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<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">Comment</code>(text=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Comment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

529

<dd>Comment element factory. This factory function creates a special element

530

that will be serialized as an XML comment by the standard serializer. The

531

comment string can be either a bytestring or a Unicode string. text is a

532

string containing the comment string. Returns an element instance

533

representing a comment.

534

Note that <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a> skips over comments in the input

535

instead of creating comment objects for them. An <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">ElementTree</code></a> will

536

only contain comment nodes if they have been inserted into to

537

the tree using one of the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> methods.

538

</dd></dl>

539

540

541

542

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">dump</code>(elem)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.dump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

543

<dd>Writes an element tree or element structure to sys.stdout. This function

544

should be used for debugging only.

545

The exact output format is implementation dependent. In this version, it’s

546

written as an ordinary XML file.

547

elem is an element tree or an individual element.

548

</dd></dl>

549

550

551

552

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">fromstring</code>(text)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.fromstring" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

553

<dd>Parses an XML section from a string constant. Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XML" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XML"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">XML()</code></a>. text

554

is a string containing XML data. Returns an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> instance.

555

</dd></dl>

556

557

558

559

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">fromstringlist</code>(sequence, parser=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.fromstringlist" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

560

<dd>Parses an XML document from a sequence of string fragments. sequence is a

561

list or other sequence containing XML data fragments. parser is an

562

optional parser instance. If not given, the standard <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a>

563

parser is used. Returns an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> instance.

564

565

New in version 3.2.

566

</div>

567

</dd></dl>

568

569

570

571

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">iselement</code>(element)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.iselement" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

572

<dd>Checks if an object appears to be a valid element object. element is an

573

element instance. Returns a true value if this is an element object.

574

</dd></dl>

575

576

577

578

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">iterparse</code>(source, events=None, parser=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.iterparse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

579

<dd>Parses an XML section into an element tree incrementally, and reports what’s

580

going on to the user. source is a filename or <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a>

581

containing XML data. events is a sequence of events to report back. The

582

supported events are the strings <code class="docutils literal">"start"</code>, <code class="docutils literal">"end"</code>, <code class="docutils literal">"start-ns"</code> and

583

<code class="docutils literal">"end-ns"</code> (the “ns” events are used to get detailed namespace

584

information). If events is omitted, only <code class="docutils literal">"end"</code> events are reported.

585

parser is an optional parser instance. If not given, the standard

586

587

<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a> and can only use the default <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">TreeBuilder</code></a> as a

588

target. Returns an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator">iterator</a> providing <code class="docutils literal">(event, elem)</code> pairs.

589

Note that while <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.iterparse" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.iterparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">iterparse()</code></a> builds the tree incrementally, it issues

590

blocking reads on source (or the file it names). As such, it’s unsuitable

591

for applications where blocking reads can’t be made. For fully non-blocking

592

parsing, see <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLPullParser</code></a>.

593

594

Note

595

<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.iterparse" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.iterparse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">iterparse()</code></a> only guarantees that it has seen the “>” character of a

596

starting tag when it emits a “start” event, so the attributes are defined,

597

but the contents of the text and tail attributes are undefined at that

598

point. The same applies to the element children; they may or may not be

599

present.

600

If you need a fully populated element, look for “end” events instead.

601

</div>

602

603

Deprecated since version 3.4: The parser argument.

604

</div>

605

</dd></dl>

606

607

608

609

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">parse</code>(source, parser=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.parse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

610

<dd>Parses an XML section into an element tree. source is a filename or file

611

object containing XML data. parser is an optional parser instance. If

612

not given, the standard <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a> parser is used. Returns an

613

614

</dd></dl>

615

616

617

618

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">ProcessingInstruction</code>(target, text=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ProcessingInstruction" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

619

<dd>PI element factory. This factory function creates a special element that

620

will be serialized as an XML processing instruction. target is a string

621

containing the PI target. text is a string containing the PI contents, if

622

given. Returns an element instance, representing a processing instruction.

623

624

in the input instead of creating comment objects for them. An

625

626

they have been inserted into to the tree using one of the

627

628

</dd></dl>

629

630

631

632

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">register_namespace</code>(prefix, uri)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.register_namespace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

633

<dd>Registers a namespace prefix. The registry is global, and any existing

634

mapping for either the given prefix or the namespace URI will be removed.

635

prefix is a namespace prefix. uri is a namespace uri. Tags and

636

attributes in this namespace will be serialized with the given prefix, if at

637

all possible.

638

639

New in version 3.2.

640

</div>

641

</dd></dl>

642

643

644

645

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">SubElement</code>(parent, tag, attrib={}, **extra)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

646

<dd>Subelement factory. This function creates an element instance, and appends

647

it to an existing element.

648

The element name, attribute names, and attribute values can be either

649

bytestrings or Unicode strings. parent is the parent element. tag is

650

the subelement name. attrib is an optional dictionary, containing element

651

attributes. extra contains additional attributes, given as keyword

652

arguments. Returns an element instance.

653

</dd></dl>

654

655

656

657

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">tostring</code>(element, encoding="us-ascii", method="xml", *, short_empty_elements=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.tostring" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

658

<dd>Generates a string representation of an XML element, including all

659

subelements. element is an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> instance. encoding <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id1">[1]</a> is

660

the output encoding (default is US-ASCII). Use <code class="docutils literal">encoding="unicode"</code> to

661

generate a Unicode string (otherwise, a bytestring is generated). method

662

is either <code class="docutils literal">"xml"</code>, <code class="docutils literal">"html"</code> or <code class="docutils literal">"text"</code> (default is <code class="docutils literal">"xml"</code>).

663

short_empty_elements has the same meaning as in <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.write" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.write"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">ElementTree.write()</code></a>.

664

Returns an (optionally) encoded string containing the XML data.

665

666

New in version 3.4: The short_empty_elements parameter.

667

</div>

668

</dd></dl>

669

670

671

672

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">tostringlist</code>(element, encoding="us-ascii", method="xml", *, short_empty_elements=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.tostringlist" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

673

<dd>Generates a string representation of an XML element, including all

674

675

the output encoding (default is US-ASCII). Use <code class="docutils literal">encoding="unicode"</code> to

676

generate a Unicode string (otherwise, a bytestring is generated). method

677

678

679

Returns a list of (optionally) encoded strings containing the XML data.

680

It does not guarantee any specific sequence, except that

681

<code class="docutils literal">b"".join(tostringlist(element)) == tostring(element)</code>.

682

683

New in version 3.2.

684

</div>

685

686

New in version 3.4: The short_empty_elements parameter.

687

</div>

688

</dd></dl>

689

690

691

692

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">XML</code>(text, parser=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XML" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

693

<dd>Parses an XML section from a string constant. This function can be used to

694

embed “XML literals” in Python code. text is a string containing XML

695

data. parser is an optional parser instance. If not given, the standard

696

<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a> parser is used. Returns an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> instance.

697

</dd></dl>

698

699

700

701

<code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">XMLID</code>(text, parser=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLID" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

702

<dd>Parses an XML section from a string constant, and also returns a dictionary

703

which maps from element id:s to elements. text is a string containing XML

704

data. parser is an optional parser instance. If not given, the standard

705

706

707

</dd></dl>

708

709

</div>

710

711

<h3>20.5.3.2. Element Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#element-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

712

713

714

class <code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">Element</code>(tag, attrib={}, **extra)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

715

<dd>Element class. This class defines the Element interface, and provides a

716

reference implementation of this interface.

717

The element name, attribute names, and attribute values can be either

718

bytestrings or Unicode strings. tag is the element name. attrib is

719

an optional dictionary, containing element attributes. extra contains

720

additional attributes, given as keyword arguments.

721

722

723

724

<dd>A string identifying what kind of data this element represents (the

725

element type, in other words).

726

</dd></dl>

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

<dd>These attributes can be used to hold additional data associated with

734

the element. Their values are usually strings but may be any

735

application-specific object. If the element is created from

736

an XML file, the text attribute holds either the text between

737

the element’s start tag and its first child or end tag, or <code class="docutils literal">None</code>, and

738

the tail attribute holds either the text between the element’s

739

end tag and the next tag, or <code class="docutils literal">None</code>. For the XML data

740

741

</pre></div>

742

</div>

743

the a element has <code class="docutils literal">None</code> for both text and tail attributes,

744

the b element has text <code class="docutils literal">"1"</code> and tail <code class="docutils literal">"4"</code>,

745

the c element has text <code class="docutils literal">"2"</code> and tail <code class="docutils literal">None</code>,

746

and the d element has text <code class="docutils literal">None</code> and tail <code class="docutils literal">"3"</code>.

747

To collect the inner text of an element, see <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.itertext" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.itertext"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">itertext()</code></a>, for

748

example <code class="docutils literal">"".join(element.itertext())</code>.

749

Applications may store arbitrary objects in these attributes.

750

</dd></dl>

751

752

753

754

<code class="descname">attrib</code><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.attrib" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

755

<dd>A dictionary containing the element’s attributes. Note that while the

756

attrib value is always a real mutable Python dictionary, an ElementTree

757

implementation may choose to use another internal representation, and

758

create the dictionary only if someone asks for it. To take advantage of

759

such implementations, use the dictionary methods below whenever possible.

760

</dd></dl>

761

762

The following dictionary-like methods work on the element attributes.

763

764

765

<code class="descname">clear</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

766

<dd>Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all

767

attributes, and sets the text and tail attributes to <code class="docutils literal">None</code>.

768

</dd></dl>

769

770

771

772

<code class="descname">get</code>(key, default=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

773

<dd>Gets the element attribute named key.

774

Returns the attribute value, or default if the attribute was not found.

775

</dd></dl>

776

777

778

779

<code class="descname">items</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

780

<dd>Returns the element attributes as a sequence of (name, value) pairs. The

781

attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

782

</dd></dl>

783

784

785

786

787

<dd>Returns the elements attribute names as a list. The names are returned

788

in an arbitrary order.

789

</dd></dl>

790

791

792

793

<code class="descname">set</code>(key, value)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.set" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

794

<dd>Set the attribute key on the element to value.

795

</dd></dl>

796

797

The following methods work on the element’s children (subelements).

798

799

800

<code class="descname">append</code>(subelement)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.append" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

801

<dd>Adds the element subelement to the end of this element’s internal list

802

of subelements. Raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">TypeError</code></a> if subelement is not an

803

804

</dd></dl>

805

806

807

808

<code class="descname">extend</code>(subelements)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.extend" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

809

<dd>Appends subelements from a sequence object with zero or more elements.

810

Raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">TypeError</code></a> if a subelement is not an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a>.

811

812

New in version 3.2.

813

</div>

814

</dd></dl>

815

816

817

818

<code class="descname">find</code>(match, namespaces=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.find" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

819

<dd>Finds the first subelement matching match. match may be a tag name

820

or a <a class="reference internal" href="#elementtree-xpath">path</a>. Returns an element instance

821

or <code class="docutils literal">None</code>. namespaces is an optional mapping from namespace prefix

822

to full name.

823

</dd></dl>

824

825

826

827

<code class="descname">findall</code>(match, namespaces=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

828

<dd>Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or

829

<a class="reference internal" href="#elementtree-xpath">path</a>. Returns a list containing all matching

830

elements in document order. namespaces is an optional mapping from

831

namespace prefix to full name.

832

</dd></dl>

833

834

835

836

<code class="descname">findtext</code>(match, default=None, namespaces=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findtext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

837

<dd>Finds text for the first subelement matching match. match may be

838

a tag name or a <a class="reference internal" href="#elementtree-xpath">path</a>. Returns the text content

839

of the first matching element, or default if no element was found.

840

Note that if the matching element has no text content an empty string

841

is returned. namespaces is an optional mapping from namespace prefix

842

to full name.

843

</dd></dl>

844

845

846

847

<code class="descname">getchildren</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.getchildren" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

848

849

Deprecated since version 3.2: Use <code class="docutils literal">list(elem)</code> or iteration.

850

</div>

851

</dd></dl>

852

853

854

855

<code class="descname">getiterator</code>(tag=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.getiterator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

856

857

Deprecated since version 3.2: Use method <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.iter" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.iter"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.iter()</code></a> instead.

858

</div>

859

</dd></dl>

860

861

862

863

<code class="descname">insert</code>(index, subelement)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.insert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

864

<dd>Inserts subelement at the given position in this element. Raises

865

<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">TypeError</code></a> if subelement is not an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a>.

866

</dd></dl>

867

868

869

870

871

<dd>Creates a tree <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator">iterator</a> with the current element as the root.

872

The iterator iterates over this element and all elements below it, in

873

document (depth first) order. If tag is not <code class="docutils literal">None</code> or <code class="docutils literal">'*'</code>, only

874

elements whose tag equals tag are returned from the iterator. If the

875

tree structure is modified during iteration, the result is undefined.

876

877

New in version 3.2.

878

</div>

879

</dd></dl>

880

881

882

883

<code class="descname">iterfind</code>(match, namespaces=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.iterfind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

884

<dd>Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or

885

<a class="reference internal" href="#elementtree-xpath">path</a>. Returns an iterable yielding all

886

matching elements in document order. namespaces is an optional mapping

887

from namespace prefix to full name.

888

889

New in version 3.2.

890

</div>

891

</dd></dl>

892

893

894

895

<code class="descname">itertext</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.itertext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

896

<dd>Creates a text iterator. The iterator loops over this element and all

897

subelements, in document order, and returns all inner text.

898

899

New in version 3.2.

900

</div>

901

</dd></dl>

902

903

904

905

<code class="descname">makeelement</code>(tag, attrib)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.makeelement" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

906

<dd>Creates a new element object of the same type as this element. Do not

907

call this method, use the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">SubElement()</code></a> factory function instead.

908

</dd></dl>

909

910

911

912

<code class="descname">remove</code>(subelement)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.remove" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

913

<dd>Removes subelement from the element. Unlike the find* methods this

914

method compares elements based on the instance identity, not on tag value

915

or contents.

916

</dd></dl>

917

918

<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> objects also support the following sequence type methods

919

for working with subelements: <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__delitem__" title="object.__delitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__delitem__()</code></a>,

920

<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__getitem__()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__setitem__" title="object.__setitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__setitem__()</code></a>,

921

<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__" title="object.__len__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__len__()</code></a>.

922

Caution: Elements with no subelements will test as <code class="docutils literal">False</code>. This behavior

923

will change in future versions. Use specific <code class="docutils literal">len(elem)</code> or <code class="docutils literal">elem is

924

None</code> test instead.

925

<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>element = root.find('foo')

926

927

if not element: # careful!

928

print("element not found, or element has no subelements")

929

930

if element is None:

931

print("element not found")

932

</pre></div>

933

</div>

934

</dd></dl>

935

936

</div>

937

938

<h3>20.5.3.3. ElementTree Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#elementtree-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

939

940

941

class <code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">ElementTree</code>(element=None, file=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

942

<dd>ElementTree wrapper class. This class represents an entire element

943

hierarchy, and adds some extra support for serialization to and from

944

standard XML.

945

element is the root element. The tree is initialized with the contents

946

of the XML file if given.

947

948

949

<code class="descname">_setroot</code>(element)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree._setroot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

950

<dd>Replaces the root element for this tree. This discards the current

951

contents of the tree, and replaces it with the given element. Use with

952

care. element is an element instance.

953

</dd></dl>

954

955

956

957

<code class="descname">find</code>(match, namespaces=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.find" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

958

<dd>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.find" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.find"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.find()</code></a>, starting at the root of the tree.

959

</dd></dl>

960

961

962

963

<code class="descname">findall</code>(match, namespaces=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.findall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

964

<dd>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findall" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findall"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.findall()</code></a>, starting at the root of the tree.

965

</dd></dl>

966

967

968

969

<code class="descname">findtext</code>(match, default=None, namespaces=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.findtext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

970

<dd>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findtext" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.findtext"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.findtext()</code></a>, starting at the root of the tree.

971

</dd></dl>

972

973

974

975

<code class="descname">getiterator</code>(tag=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.getiterator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

976

977

Deprecated since version 3.2: Use method <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.iter" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.iter"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">ElementTree.iter()</code></a> instead.

978

</div>

979

</dd></dl>

980

981

982

983

<code class="descname">getroot</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.getroot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

984

<dd>Returns the root element for this tree.

985

</dd></dl>

986

987

988

989

990

<dd>Creates and returns a tree iterator for the root element. The iterator

991

loops over all elements in this tree, in section order. tag is the tag

992

to look for (default is to return all elements).

993

</dd></dl>

994

995

996

997

<code class="descname">iterfind</code>(match, namespaces=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.iterfind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

998

<dd>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.iterfind" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.iterfind"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Element.iterfind()</code></a>, starting at the root of the tree.

999

1000

New in version 3.2.

1001

</div>

1002

</dd></dl>

1003

1004

1005

1006

<code class="descname">parse</code>(source, parser=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.parse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1007

<dd>Loads an external XML section into this element tree. source is a file

1008

name or <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a>. parser is an optional parser instance.

1009

If not given, the standard <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a> parser is used. Returns the

1010

section root element.

1011

</dd></dl>

1012

1013

1014

1015

<code class="descname">write</code>(file, encoding="us-ascii", xml_declaration=None, default_namespace=None, method="xml", *, short_empty_elements=True)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1016

<dd>Writes the element tree to a file, as XML. file is a file name, or a

1017

<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a> opened for writing. encoding <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id3">[1]</a> is the output

1018

encoding (default is US-ASCII).

1019

xml_declaration controls if an XML declaration should be added to the

1020

file. Use <code class="docutils literal">False</code> for never, <code class="docutils literal">True</code> for always, <code class="docutils literal">None</code>

1021

for only if not US-ASCII or UTF-8 or Unicode (default is <code class="docutils literal">None</code>).

1022

default_namespace sets the default XML namespace (for “xmlns”).

1023

method is either <code class="docutils literal">"xml"</code>, <code class="docutils literal">"html"</code> or <code class="docutils literal">"text"</code> (default is

1024

<code class="docutils literal">"xml"</code>).

1025

The keyword-only short_empty_elements parameter controls the formatting

1026

of elements that contain no content. If <code class="docutils literal">True</code> (the default), they are

1027

emitted as a single self-closed tag, otherwise they are emitted as a pair

1028

of start/end tags.

1029

The output is either a string (<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">str</code></a>) or binary (<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">bytes</code></a>).

1030

This is controlled by the encoding argument. If encoding is

1031

<code class="docutils literal">"unicode"</code>, the output is a string; otherwise, it’s binary. Note that

1032

this may conflict with the type of file if it’s an open

1033

<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a>; make sure you do not try to write a string to a

1034

binary stream and vice versa.

1035

1036

New in version 3.4: The short_empty_elements parameter.

1037

</div>

1038

</dd></dl>

1039

1040

</dd></dl>

1041

1042

This is the XML file that is going to be manipulated:

1043

1044

<head>

1045

<title>Example page</title>

1046

</head>

1047

<body>

1048

<p>Moved to <a href="http://example.org/">example.org</a>

1049

or <a href="http://example.com/">example.com</a>.</p>

1050

</body>

1051

</html>

1052

</pre></div>

1053

</div>

1054

Example of changing the attribute “target” of every link in first paragraph:

1055

<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> from xml.etree.ElementTree import ElementTree

1056

>>> tree = ElementTree()

1057

>>> tree.parse("index.xhtml")

1058

1059

>>> p = tree.find("body/p") # Finds first occurrence of tag p in body

1060

>>> p

1061

1062

>>> links = list(p.iter("a")) # Returns list of all links

1063

>>> links

1064

[<Element 'a' at 0xb77ec2ac>, <Element 'a' at 0xb77ec1cc>]

1065

>>> for i in links: # Iterates through all found links

1066

... i.attrib["target"] = "blank"

1067

>>> tree.write("output.xhtml")

1068

</pre></div>

1069

</div>

1070

</div>

1071

1072

<h3>20.5.3.4. QName Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#qname-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

1073

1074

1075

class <code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">QName</code>(text_or_uri, tag=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.QName" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1076

<dd>QName wrapper. This can be used to wrap a QName attribute value, in order

1077

to get proper namespace handling on output. text_or_uri is a string

1078

containing the QName value, in the form {uri}local, or, if the tag argument

1079

is given, the URI part of a QName. If tag is given, the first argument is

1080

interpreted as a URI, and this argument is interpreted as a local name.

1081

<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.QName" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.QName"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">QName</code></a> instances are opaque.

1082

</dd></dl>

1083

1084

</div>

1085

1086

<h3>20.5.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#treebuilder-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

1087

1088

1089

class <code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">TreeBuilder</code>(element_factory=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1090

<dd>Generic element structure builder. This builder converts a sequence of

1091

start, data, and end method calls to a well-formed element structure. You

1092

can use this class to build an element structure using a custom XML parser,

1093

or a parser for some other XML-like format. element_factory, when given,

1094

must be a callable accepting two positional arguments: a tag and

1095

a dict of attributes. It is expected to return a new element instance.

1096

1097

1098

<code class="descname">close</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1099

<dd>Flushes the builder buffers, and returns the toplevel document

1100

element. Returns an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> instance.

1101

</dd></dl>

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

<dd>Adds text to the current element. data is a string. This should be

1107

either a bytestring, or a Unicode string.

1108

</dd></dl>

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

<dd>Closes the current element. tag is the element name. Returns the

1114

closed element.

1115

</dd></dl>

1116

1117

1118

1119

<code class="descname">start</code>(tag, attrs)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder.start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1120

<dd>Opens a new element. tag is the element name. attrs is a dictionary

1121

containing element attributes. Returns the opened element.

1122

</dd></dl>

1123

1124

In addition, a custom <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">TreeBuilder</code></a> object can provide the

1125

following method:

1126

1127

1128

<code class="descname">doctype</code>(name, pubid, system)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder.doctype" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1129

<dd>Handles a doctype declaration. name is the doctype name. pubid is

1130

the public identifier. system is the system identifier. This method

1131

does not exist on the default <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">TreeBuilder</code></a> class.

1132

1133

New in version 3.2.

1134

</div>

1135

</dd></dl>

1136

1137

</dd></dl>

1138

1139

</div>

1140

1141

<h3>20.5.3.6. XMLParser Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#xmlparser-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

1142

1143

1144

class <code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">XMLParser</code>(html=0, target=None, encoding=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1145

<dd>This class is the low-level building block of the module. It uses

1146

<a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat" title="xml.parsers.expat: An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">xml.parsers.expat</code></a> for efficient, event-based parsing of XML. It can

1147

be fed XML data incrementally with the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.feed" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.feed"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">feed()</code></a> method, and parsing

1148

events are translated to a push API - by invoking callbacks on the target

1149

object. If target is omitted, the standard <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">TreeBuilder</code></a> is used.

1150

The html argument was historically used for backwards compatibility and is

1151

now deprecated. If encoding <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id4">[1]</a> is given, the value overrides the

1152

encoding specified in the XML file.

1153

1154

Deprecated since version 3.4: The html argument. The remaining arguments should be passed via

1155

keyword to prepare for the removal of the html argument.

1156

</div>

1157

1158

1159

<code class="descname">close</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1160

<dd>Finishes feeding data to the parser. Returns the result of calling the

1161

<code class="docutils literal">close()</code> method of the target passed during construction; by default,

1162

this is the toplevel document element.

1163

</dd></dl>

1164

1165

1166

1167

<code class="descname">doctype</code>(name, pubid, system)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.doctype" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1168

1169

Deprecated since version 3.2: Define the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder.doctype" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder.doctype"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">TreeBuilder.doctype()</code></a> method on a custom TreeBuilder

1170

target.

1171

</div>

1172

</dd></dl>

1173

1174

1175

1176

1177

<dd>Feeds data to the parser. data is encoded data.

1178

</dd></dl>

1179

1180

<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.feed" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.feed"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">XMLParser.feed()</code></a> calls target‘s <code class="docutils literal">start(tag, attrs_dict)</code> method

1181

for each opening tag, its <code class="docutils literal">end(tag)</code> method for each closing tag, and data

1182

is processed by method <code class="docutils literal">data(data)</code>. <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.close" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.close"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">XMLParser.close()</code></a> calls

1183

target‘s method <code class="docutils literal">close()</code>. <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a> can be used not only for

1184

building a tree structure. This is an example of counting the maximum depth

1185

of an XML file:

1186

1187

>>> class MaxDepth: # The target object of the parser

1188

... maxDepth = 0

1189

... depth = 0

1190

... def start(self, tag, attrib): # Called for each opening tag.

1191

... self.depth += 1

1192

... if self.depth > self.maxDepth:

1193

... self.maxDepth = self.depth

1194

... def end(self, tag): # Called for each closing tag.

1195

... self.depth -= 1

1196

... def data(self, data):

1197

... pass # We do not need to do anything with data.

1198

... def close(self): # Called when all data has been parsed.

1199

... return self.maxDepth

1200

...

1201

>>> target = MaxDepth()

1202

>>> parser = XMLParser(target=target)

1203

>>> exampleXml = """

1204

... <a>

1205

...

1206

...

1207

...

1208

... <c>

1209

... <d>

1210

... </d>

1211

... </c>

1212

...

1213

... </a>"""

1214

>>> parser.feed(exampleXml)

1215

>>> parser.close()

1216

4

1217

</pre></div>

1218

</div>

1219

</dd></dl>

1220

1221

</div>

1222

1223

<h3>20.5.3.7. XMLPullParser Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#xmlpullparser-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

1224

1225

1226

class <code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">XMLPullParser</code>(events=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1227

<dd>A pull parser suitable for non-blocking applications. Its input-side API is

1228

similar to that of <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLParser</code></a>, but instead of pushing calls to a

1229

callback target, <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLPullParser</code></a> collects an internal list of parsing

1230

events and lets the user read from it. events is a sequence of events to

1231

report back. The supported events are the strings <code class="docutils literal">"start"</code>, <code class="docutils literal">"end"</code>,

1232

<code class="docutils literal">"start-ns"</code> and <code class="docutils literal">"end-ns"</code> (the “ns” events are used to get detailed

1233

namespace information). If events is omitted, only <code class="docutils literal">"end"</code> events are

1234

reported.

1235

1236

1237

1238

<dd>Feed the given bytes data to the parser.

1239

</dd></dl>

1240

1241

1242

1243

<code class="descname">close</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1244

<dd>Signal the parser that the data stream is terminated. Unlike

1245

<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.close" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser.close"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">XMLParser.close()</code></a>, this method always returns <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</code></a>.

1246

Any events not yet retrieved when the parser is closed can still be

1247

read with <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">read_events()</code></a>.

1248

</dd></dl>

1249

1250

1251

1252

<code class="descname">read_events</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1253

<dd>Return an iterator over the events which have been encountered in the

1254

data fed to the

1255

parser. The iterator yields <code class="docutils literal">(event, elem)</code> pairs, where event is a

1256

string representing the type of event (e.g. <code class="docutils literal">"end"</code>) and elem is the

1257

encountered <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Element</code></a> object.

1258

Events provided in a previous call to <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">read_events()</code></a> will not be

1259

yielded again. Events are consumed from the internal queue only when

1260

they are retrieved from the iterator, so multiple readers iterating in

1261

parallel over iterators obtained from <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser.read_events"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">read_events()</code></a> will have

1262

unpredictable results.

1263

</dd></dl>

1264

1265

1266

Note

1267

<a class="reference internal" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser" title="xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLPullParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">XMLPullParser</code></a> only guarantees that it has seen the “>”

1268

character of a starting tag when it emits a “start” event, so the

1269

attributes are defined, but the contents of the text and tail attributes

1270

are undefined at that point. The same applies to the element children;

1271

they may or may not be present.

1272

If you need a fully populated element, look for “end” events instead.

1273

</div>

1274

1275

New in version 3.4.

1276

</div>

1277

</dd></dl>

1278

1279

</div>

1280

1281

<h3>20.5.3.8. Exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

1282

1283

1284

class <code class="descclassname">xml.etree.ElementTree.</code><code class="descname">ParseError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1285

<dd>XML parse error, raised by the various parsing methods in this module when

1286

parsing fails. The string representation of an instance of this exception

1287

will contain a user-friendly error message. In addition, it will have

1288

the following attributes available:

1289

1290

1291

1292

<dd>A numeric error code from the expat parser. See the documentation of

1293

1294

</dd></dl>

1295

1296

1297

1298

<code class="descname">position</code><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError.position" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

1299

<dd>A tuple of line, column numbers, specifying where the error occurred.

1300

</dd></dl>

1301

1302

</dd></dl>

1303

1304

Footnotes

1305

1306

1307

1308

<tr><td class="label">[1]</td><td>The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the

1309

appropriate standards. For example, “UTF-8” is valid, but “UTF8” is

1310

not. See <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl">https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl</a>

1311

and <a class="reference external" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml">https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml</a>.</td></tr>

1312

</tbody>

1313

</table>

1314

</div>

1315

</div>

1316

</div>

1317

1318

1319

</div>

1320

</div>

1321

</div>

1322

1323

1324

<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>

1325

<ul>

1326

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">20.5. <code class="docutils literal">xml.etree.ElementTree</code> — The ElementTree XML API</a><ul>

1327

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tutorial">20.5.1. Tutorial</a><ul>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#xml-tree-and-elements">20.5.1.1. XML tree and elements</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-xml">20.5.1.2. Parsing XML</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pull-api-for-non-blocking-parsing">20.5.1.3. Pull API for non-blocking parsing</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#finding-interesting-elements">20.5.1.4. Finding interesting elements</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#modifying-an-xml-file">20.5.1.5. Modifying an XML File</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#building-xml-documents">20.5.1.6. Building XML documents</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-xml-with-namespaces">20.5.1.7. Parsing XML with Namespaces</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#additional-resources">20.5.1.8. Additional resources</a></li>

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</ul>

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</li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#xpath-support">20.5.2. XPath support</a><ul>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">20.5.2.1. Example</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#supported-xpath-syntax">20.5.2.2. Supported XPath syntax</a></li>

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</ul>

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</li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reference">20.5.3. Reference</a><ul>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#functions">20.5.3.1. Functions</a></li>

1345

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#element-objects">20.5.3.2. Element Objects</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#elementtree-objects">20.5.3.3. ElementTree Objects</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#qname-objects">20.5.3.4. QName Objects</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#treebuilder-objects">20.5.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#xmlparser-objects">20.5.3.6. XMLParser Objects</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#xmlpullparser-objects">20.5.3.7. XMLPullParser Objects</a></li>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exceptions">20.5.3.8. Exceptions</a></li>

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