~dkuhlman/python-training-materials/Materials

<h1>27.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">tracemalloc</code></a> — Trace memory allocations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>

New in version 3.4.

</div>

Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.5/Lib/tracemalloc.py">Lib/tracemalloc.py</a>

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The tracemalloc module is a debug tool to trace memory blocks allocated by

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Python. It provides the following information:

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<li>Traceback where an object was allocated</li>

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<li>Statistics on allocated memory blocks per filename and per line number:

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total size, number and average size of allocated memory blocks</li>

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<li>Compute the differences between two snapshots to detect memory leaks</li>

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</ul>

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To trace most memory blocks allocated by Python, the module should be started

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as early as possible by setting the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONTRACEMALLOC"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</code></a> environment

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variable to <code class="docutils literal">1</code>, or by using <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-X"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal">-X</code></a> <code class="docutils literal">tracemalloc</code> command line

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option. The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">tracemalloc.start()</code></a> function can be called at runtime to

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start tracing Python memory allocations.

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By default, a trace of an allocated memory block only stores the most recent

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frame (1 frame). To store 25 frames at startup: set the

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<a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONTRACEMALLOC"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</code></a> environment variable to <code class="docutils literal">25</code>, or use the

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<a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-X"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal">-X</code></a> <code class="docutils literal">tracemalloc=25</code> command line option.

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<h2>27.7.1. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>

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<h3>27.7.1.1. Display the top 10<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-top-10" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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Display the 10 files allocating the most memory:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>import tracemalloc

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tracemalloc.start()

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# ... run your application ...

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snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()

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top_stats = snapshot.statistics('lineno')

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print("[ Top 10 ]")

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for stat in top_stats[:10]:

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print(stat)

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Example of output of the Python test suite:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>[ Top 10 ]

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<frozen importlib._bootstrap>:716: size=4855 KiB, count=39328, average=126 B

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<frozen importlib._bootstrap>:284: size=521 KiB, count=3199, average=167 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/collections/__init__.py:368: size=244 KiB, count=2315, average=108 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:381: size=185 KiB, count=779, average=243 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:402: size=154 KiB, count=378, average=416 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/abc.py:133: size=88.7 KiB, count=347, average=262 B

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<frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1446: size=70.4 KiB, count=911, average=79 B

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<frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1454: size=52.0 KiB, count=25, average=2131 B

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<string>:5: size=49.7 KiB, count=148, average=344 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/sysconfig.py:411: size=48.0 KiB, count=1, average=48.0 KiB

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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We can see that Python loaded <code class="docutils literal">4.8 MiB</code> data (bytecode and constants) from

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modules and that the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: Container datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">collections</code></a> module allocated <code class="docutils literal">244 KiB</code> to build

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<a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">namedtuple</code></a> types.

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See <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Snapshot.statistics()</code></a> for more options.

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</div>

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<h3>27.7.1.2. Compute differences<a class="headerlink" href="#compute-differences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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Take two snapshots and display the differences:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>import tracemalloc

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tracemalloc.start()

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# ... start your application ...

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snapshot1 = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()

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# ... call the function leaking memory ...

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snapshot2 = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()

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top_stats = snapshot2.compare_to(snapshot1, 'lineno')

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print("[ Top 10 differences ]")

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for stat in top_stats[:10]:

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print(stat)

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Example of output before/after running some tests of the Python test suite:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>[ Top 10 differences ]

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<frozen importlib._bootstrap>:716: size=8173 KiB (+4428 KiB), count=71332 (+39369), average=117 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/linecache.py:127: size=940 KiB (+940 KiB), count=8106 (+8106), average=119 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:571: size=298 KiB (+298 KiB), count=589 (+589), average=519 B

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<frozen importlib._bootstrap>:284: size=1005 KiB (+166 KiB), count=7423 (+1526), average=139 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/mimetypes.py:217: size=112 KiB (+112 KiB), count=1334 (+1334), average=86 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/http/server.py:848: size=96.0 KiB (+96.0 KiB), count=1 (+1), average=96.0 KiB

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/usr/lib/python3.4/inspect.py:1465: size=83.5 KiB (+83.5 KiB), count=109 (+109), average=784 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/mock.py:491: size=77.7 KiB (+77.7 KiB), count=143 (+143), average=557 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/urllib/parse.py:476: size=71.8 KiB (+71.8 KiB), count=969 (+969), average=76 B

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/usr/lib/python3.4/contextlib.py:38: size=67.2 KiB (+67.2 KiB), count=126 (+126), average=546 B

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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We can see that Python has loaded <code class="docutils literal">8.2 MiB</code> of module data (bytecode and

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constants), and that this is <code class="docutils literal">4.4 MiB</code> more than had been loaded before the

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tests, when the previous snapshot was taken. Similarly, the <a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html#module-linecache" title="linecache: This module provides random access to individual lines from text files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">linecache</code></a>

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module has cached <code class="docutils literal">940 KiB</code> of Python source code to format tracebacks, all

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of it since the previous snapshot.

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If the system has little free memory, snapshots can be written on disk using

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the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Snapshot.dump()</code></a> method to analyze the snapshot offline. Then use the

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<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.load" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.load"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Snapshot.load()</code></a> method reload the snapshot.

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</div>

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<h3>27.7.1.3. Get the traceback of a memory block<a class="headerlink" href="#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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Code to display the traceback of the biggest memory block:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>import tracemalloc

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# Store 25 frames

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tracemalloc.start(25)

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# ... run your application ...

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snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()

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# pick the biggest memory block

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stat = top_stats[0]

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print("%s memory blocks: %.1f KiB" % (stat.count, stat.size / 1024))

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for line in stat.traceback.format():

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print(line)

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Example of output of the Python test suite (traceback limited to 25 frames):

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>903 memory blocks: 870.1 KiB

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 716

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1036

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 934

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1068

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 619

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1581

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1614

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/doctest.py", line 101

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import pdb

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 284

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 938

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1068

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 619

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1581

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File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1614

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/support/__init__.py", line 1728

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import doctest

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/test_pickletools.py", line 21

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support.run_doctest(pickletools)

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 1276

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test_runner()

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 976

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display_failure=not verbose)

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 761

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match_tests=ns.match_tests)

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 1563

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main()

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/__main__.py", line 3

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regrtest.main_in_temp_cwd()

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py", line 73

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exec(code, run_globals)

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File "/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py", line 160

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"__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name)

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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We can see that the most memory was allocated in the <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib" title="importlib: The implementation of the import machinery."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">importlib</code></a> module to

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load data (bytecode and constants) from modules: <code class="docutils literal">870 KiB</code>. The traceback is

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where the <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib" title="importlib: The implementation of the import machinery."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">importlib</code></a> loaded data most recently: on the <code class="docutils literal">import pdb</code>

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line of the <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">doctest</code></a> module. The traceback may change if a new module is

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loaded.

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</div>

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<h3>27.7.1.4. Pretty top<a class="headerlink" href="#pretty-top" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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Code to display the 10 lines allocating the most memory with a pretty output,

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ignoring <code class="docutils literal"><frozen importlib._bootstrap></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><unknown></code> files:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>import linecache

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import os

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import tracemalloc

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def display_top(snapshot, group_by='lineno', limit=10):

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snapshot = snapshot.filter_traces((

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tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>"),

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))

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print("Top %s lines" % limit)

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for index, stat in enumerate(top_stats[:limit], 1):

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frame = stat.traceback[0]

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# replace "/path/to/module/file.py" with "module/file.py"

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filename = os.sep.join(frame.filename.split(os.sep)[-2:])

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print("#%s: %s:%s: %.1f KiB"

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% (index, filename, frame.lineno, stat.size / 1024))

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line = linecache.getline(frame.filename, frame.lineno).strip()

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if line:

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print(' %s' % line)

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other = top_stats[limit:]

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if other:

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size = sum(stat.size for stat in other)

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print("%s other: %.1f KiB" % (len(other), size / 1024))

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total = sum(stat.size for stat in top_stats)

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print("Total allocated size: %.1f KiB" % (total / 1024))

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tracemalloc.start()

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# ... run your application ...

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snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()

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display_top(snapshot)

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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Example of output of the Python test suite:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>Top 10 lines

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#1: Lib/base64.py:414: 419.8 KiB

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_b85chars2 = [(a + b) for a in _b85chars for b in _b85chars]

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#2: Lib/base64.py:306: 419.8 KiB

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_a85chars2 = [(a + b) for a in _a85chars for b in _a85chars]

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#3: collections/__init__.py:368: 293.6 KiB

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exec(class_definition, namespace)

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#4: Lib/abc.py:133: 115.2 KiB

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cls = super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

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#5: unittest/case.py:574: 103.1 KiB

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testMethod()

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#6: Lib/linecache.py:127: 95.4 KiB

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lines = fp.readlines()

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#7: urllib/parse.py:476: 71.8 KiB

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for a in _hexdig for b in _hexdig}

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#8: <string>:5: 62.0 KiB

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#9: Lib/_weakrefset.py:37: 60.0 KiB

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self.data = set()

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#10: Lib/base64.py:142: 59.8 KiB

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_b32tab2 = [a + b for a in _b32tab for b in _b32tab]

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6220 other: 3602.8 KiB

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Total allocated size: 5303.1 KiB

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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</div>

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</div>

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<h3>27.7.2.1. Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">clear_traces</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.clear_traces" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Clear traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.

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See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.stop" title="tracemalloc.stop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">stop()</code></a>.

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">get_object_traceback</code>(obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.get_object_traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Get the traceback where the Python object obj was allocated.

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Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Traceback</code></a> instance, or <code class="docutils literal">None</code> if the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">tracemalloc</code></a>

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module is not tracing memory allocations or did not trace the allocation of

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the object.

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See also <a class="reference internal" href="gc.html#gc.get_referrers" title="gc.get_referrers"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gc.get_referrers()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.getsizeof" title="sys.getsizeof"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">sys.getsizeof()</code></a> functions.

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">get_traceback_limit</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Get the maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of a trace.

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The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">tracemalloc</code></a> module must be tracing memory allocations to

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get the limit, otherwise an exception is raised.

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The limit is set by the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">start()</code></a> function.

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">get_traced_memory</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.get_traced_memory" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Get the current size and peak size of memory blocks traced by the

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<a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">tracemalloc</code></a> module as a tuple: <code class="docutils literal">(current: int, peak: int)</code>.

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">get_tracemalloc_memory</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.get_tracemalloc_memory" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Get the memory usage in bytes of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">tracemalloc</code></a> module used to store

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traces of memory blocks.

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Return an <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">int</code></a>.

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">is_tracing</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.is_tracing" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd><code class="docutils literal">True</code> if the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">tracemalloc</code></a> module is tracing Python memory

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allocations, <code class="docutils literal">False</code> otherwise.

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">start</code>(nframe: int=1)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Start tracing Python memory allocations: install hooks on Python memory

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allocators. Collected tracebacks of traces will be limited to nframe

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frames. By default, a trace of a memory block only stores the most recent

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frame: the limit is <code class="docutils literal">1</code>. nframe must be greater or equal to <code class="docutils literal">1</code>.

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Storing more than <code class="docutils literal">1</code> frame is only useful to compute statistics grouped

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by <code class="docutils literal">'traceback'</code> or to compute cumulative statistics: see the

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<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Snapshot.compare_to()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Snapshot.statistics()</code></a> methods.

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Storing more frames increases the memory and CPU overhead of the

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<a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">tracemalloc</code></a> module. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_tracemalloc_memory" title="tracemalloc.get_tracemalloc_memory"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_tracemalloc_memory()</code></a> function

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to measure how much memory is used by the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">tracemalloc</code></a> module.

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The <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONTRACEMALLOC"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</code></a> environment variable

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(<code class="docutils literal">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=NFRAME</code>) and the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-X"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal">-X</code></a> <code class="docutils literal">tracemalloc=NFRAME</code>

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command line option can be used to start tracing at startup.

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See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.stop" title="tracemalloc.stop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">stop()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.is_tracing" title="tracemalloc.is_tracing"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">is_tracing()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_traceback_limit()</code></a>

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functions.

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">stop</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.stop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Stop tracing Python memory allocations: uninstall hooks on Python memory

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allocators. Also clears all previously collected traces of memory blocks

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allocated by Python.

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Call <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="tracemalloc.take_snapshot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">take_snapshot()</code></a> function to take a snapshot of traces before

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clearing them.

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See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">start()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.is_tracing" title="tracemalloc.is_tracing"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">is_tracing()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.clear_traces" title="tracemalloc.clear_traces"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">clear_traces()</code></a>

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functions.

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">take_snapshot</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Take a snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python. Return a new

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<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Snapshot</code></a> instance.

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The snapshot does not include memory blocks allocated before the

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Tracebacks of traces are limited to <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_traceback_limit()</code></a> frames. Use

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the nframe parameter of the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">start()</code></a> function to store more frames.

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snapshot, see the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">start()</code></a> function.

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See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_object_traceback" title="tracemalloc.get_object_traceback"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_object_traceback()</code></a> function.

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</dd></dl>

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</div>

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<h3>27.7.2.2. Filter<a class="headerlink" href="#filter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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class <code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">Filter</code>(inclusive: bool, filename_pattern: str, lineno: int=None, all_frames: bool=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Filter on traces of memory blocks.

435

See the <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#fnmatch.fnmatch" title="fnmatch.fnmatch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">fnmatch.fnmatch()</code></a> function for the syntax of

436

filename_pattern. The <code class="docutils literal">'.pyc'</code> file extension is

437

replaced with <code class="docutils literal">'.py'</code>.

438

Examples:

439

440

<li><code class="docutils literal">Filter(True, subprocess.__file__)</code> only includes traces of the

441

<a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">subprocess</code></a> module</li>

442

<li><code class="docutils literal">Filter(False, tracemalloc.__file__)</code> excludes traces of the

443

444

<li><code class="docutils literal">Filter(False, "<unknown>")</code> excludes empty tracebacks</li>

445

</ul>

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Changed in version 3.5: The <code class="docutils literal">'.pyo'</code> file extension is no longer replaced with <code class="docutils literal">'.py'</code>.

448

</div>

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<code class="descname">inclusive</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.inclusive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

452

<dd>If inclusive is <code class="docutils literal">True</code> (include), only trace memory blocks allocated

453

in a file with a name matching <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern" title="tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">filename_pattern</code></a> at line number

454

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.lineno" title="tracemalloc.Filter.lineno"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">lineno</code></a>.

455

If inclusive is <code class="docutils literal">False</code> (exclude), ignore memory blocks allocated in

456

a file with a name matching <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern" title="tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">filename_pattern</code></a> at line number

457

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.lineno" title="tracemalloc.Filter.lineno"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">lineno</code></a>.

458

</dd></dl>

459

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<code class="descname">lineno</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

463

<dd>Line number (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>) of the filter. If lineno is <code class="docutils literal">None</code>, the filter

464

matches any line number.

465

</dd></dl>

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<code class="descname">filename_pattern</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

470

<dd>Filename pattern of the filter (<code class="docutils literal">str</code>).

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descname">all_frames</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.all_frames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

476

<dd>If all_frames is <code class="docutils literal">True</code>, all frames of the traceback are checked. If

477

all_frames is <code class="docutils literal">False</code>, only the most recent frame is checked.

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This attribute has no effect if the traceback limit is <code class="docutils literal">1</code>. See the

479

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_traceback_limit()</code></a> function and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Snapshot.traceback_limit</code></a>

480

attribute.

481

</dd></dl>

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483

</dd></dl>

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</div>

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<h3>27.7.2.3. Frame<a class="headerlink" href="#frame" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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class <code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">Frame</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Frame" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

491

<dd>Frame of a traceback.

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The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Traceback</code></a> class is a sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Frame" title="tracemalloc.Frame"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Frame</code></a> instances.

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<code class="descname">filename</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Frame.filename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Filename (<code class="docutils literal">str</code>).

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descname">lineno</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Frame.lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Line number (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>).

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</dd></dl>

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</dd></dl>

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</div>

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<h3>27.7.2.4. Snapshot<a class="headerlink" href="#snapshot" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

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class <code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">Snapshot</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

513

<dd>Snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.

514

The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="tracemalloc.take_snapshot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">take_snapshot()</code></a> function creates a snapshot instance.

515

516

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<code class="descname">compare_to</code>(old_snapshot: Snapshot, group_by: str, cumulative: bool=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

518

<dd>Compute the differences with an old snapshot. Get statistics as a sorted

519

list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">StatisticDiff</code></a> instances grouped by group_by.

520

See the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Snapshot.statistics()</code></a> method for group_by and cumulative

521

parameters.

522

The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by: absolute value

523

of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size_diff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size_diff"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">StatisticDiff.size_diff</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">StatisticDiff.size</code></a>, absolute

524

value of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count_diff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count_diff"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">StatisticDiff.count_diff</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.count" title="tracemalloc.Statistic.count"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Statistic.count</code></a> and

525

then by <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.traceback" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.traceback"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">StatisticDiff.traceback</code></a>.

526

</dd></dl>

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<code class="descname">dump</code>(filename)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

531

<dd>Write the snapshot into a file.

532

Use <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.load" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.load"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">load()</code></a> to reload the snapshot.

533

</dd></dl>

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535

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537

<code class="descname">filter_traces</code>(filters)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.filter_traces" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

538

<dd>Create a new <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Snapshot</code></a> instance with a filtered <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">traces</code></a>

539

sequence, filters is a list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter" title="tracemalloc.Filter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Filter</code></a> instances. If filters

540

is an empty list, return a new <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Snapshot</code></a> instance with a copy of

541

the traces.

542

All inclusive filters are applied at once, a trace is ignored if no

543

inclusive filters match it. A trace is ignored if at least one exclusive

544

filter matches it.

545

</dd></dl>

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547

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549

classmethod <code class="descname">load</code>(filename)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

550

<dd>Load a snapshot from a file.

551

See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">dump()</code></a>.

552

</dd></dl>

553

554

555

556

<code class="descname">statistics</code>(group_by: str, cumulative: bool=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

557

<dd>Get statistics as a sorted list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic" title="tracemalloc.Statistic"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Statistic</code></a> instances grouped

558

by group_by:

559

560

561

562

563

</colgroup>

564

565

<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">group_by</th>

566

<th class="head">description</th>

567

</tr>

568

</thead>

569

570

<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal">'filename'</code></td>

571

<td>filename</td>

572

</tr>

573

<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal">'lineno'</code></td>

574

<td>filename and line number</td>

575

</tr>

576

<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal">'traceback'</code></td>

577

<td>traceback</td>

578

</tr>

579

</tbody>

580

</table>

581

If cumulative is <code class="docutils literal">True</code>, cumulate size and count of memory blocks of

582

all frames of the traceback of a trace, not only the most recent frame.

583

The cumulative mode can only be used with group_by equals to

584

<code class="docutils literal">'filename'</code> and <code class="docutils literal">'lineno'</code>.

585

The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by:

586

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.size" title="tracemalloc.Statistic.size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Statistic.size</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.count" title="tracemalloc.Statistic.count"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Statistic.count</code></a> and then by

587

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.traceback" title="tracemalloc.Statistic.traceback"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Statistic.traceback</code></a>.

588

</dd></dl>

589

590

591

592

<code class="descname">traceback_limit</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traceback_limit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

593

<dd>Maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">traces</code></a>:

594

result of the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_traceback_limit()</code></a> when the snapshot was taken.

595

</dd></dl>

596

597

598

599

<code class="descname">traces</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

600

<dd>Traces of all memory blocks allocated by Python: sequence of

601

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Trace" title="tracemalloc.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Trace</code></a> instances.

602

The sequence has an undefined order. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">Snapshot.statistics()</code></a>

603

method to get a sorted list of statistics.

604

</dd></dl>

605

606

</dd></dl>

607

608

</div>

609

610

<h3>27.7.2.5. Statistic<a class="headerlink" href="#statistic" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

611

612

613

class <code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">Statistic</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

614

<dd>Statistic on memory allocations.

615

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">Snapshot.statistics()</code></a> returns a list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic" title="tracemalloc.Statistic"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Statistic</code></a> instances.

616

See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">StatisticDiff</code></a> class.

617

618

619

<code class="descname">count</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.count" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

620

<dd>Number of memory blocks (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>).

621

</dd></dl>

622

623

624

625

626

<dd>Total size of memory blocks in bytes (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>).

627

</dd></dl>

628

629

630

631

<code class="descname">traceback</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

632

<dd>Traceback where the memory block was allocated, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Traceback</code></a>

633

instance.

634

</dd></dl>

635

636

</dd></dl>

637

638

</div>

639

640

<h3>27.7.2.6. StatisticDiff<a class="headerlink" href="#statisticdiff" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

641

642

643

class <code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">StatisticDiff</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

644

<dd>Statistic difference on memory allocations between an old and a new

645

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Snapshot</code></a> instance.

646

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">Snapshot.compare_to()</code></a> returns a list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">StatisticDiff</code></a>

647

instances. See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic" title="tracemalloc.Statistic"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Statistic</code></a> class.

648

649

650

<code class="descname">count</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

651

<dd>Number of memory blocks in the new snapshot (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>): <code class="docutils literal">0</code> if

652

the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.

653

</dd></dl>

654

655

656

657

<code class="descname">count_diff</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count_diff" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

658

<dd>Difference of number of memory blocks between the old and the new

659

snapshots (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>): <code class="docutils literal">0</code> if the memory blocks have been allocated in

660

the new snapshot.

661

</dd></dl>

662

663

664

665

666

<dd>Total size of memory blocks in bytes in the new snapshot (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>):

667

<code class="docutils literal">0</code> if the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.

668

</dd></dl>

669

670

671

672

673

<dd>Difference of total size of memory blocks in bytes between the old and

674

the new snapshots (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>): <code class="docutils literal">0</code> if the memory blocks have been

675

allocated in the new snapshot.

676

</dd></dl>

677

678

679

680

<code class="descname">traceback</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

681

<dd>Traceback where the memory blocks were allocated, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Traceback</code></a>

682

instance.

683

</dd></dl>

684

685

</dd></dl>

686

687

</div>

688

689

<h3>27.7.2.7. Trace<a class="headerlink" href="#trace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

690

691

692

class <code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">Trace</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Trace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

693

<dd>Trace of a memory block.

694

The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Snapshot.traces</code></a> attribute is a sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Trace" title="tracemalloc.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Trace</code></a>

695

instances.

696

697

698

699

<dd>Size of the memory block in bytes (<code class="docutils literal">int</code>).

700

</dd></dl>

701

702

703

704

<code class="descname">traceback</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Trace.traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

705

706

instance.

707

</dd></dl>

708

709

</dd></dl>

710

711

</div>

712

713

<h3>27.7.2.8. Traceback<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>

714

715

716

class <code class="descclassname">tracemalloc.</code><code class="descname">Traceback</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

717

<dd>Sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Frame" title="tracemalloc.Frame"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Frame</code></a> instances sorted from the most recent frame to

718

the oldest frame.

719

A traceback contains at least <code class="docutils literal">1</code> frame. If the <code class="docutils literal">tracemalloc</code> module

720

failed to get a frame, the filename <code class="docutils literal">"<unknown>"</code> at line number <code class="docutils literal">0</code> is

721

used.

722

When a snapshot is taken, tracebacks of traces are limited to

723

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_traceback_limit()</code></a> frames. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="tracemalloc.take_snapshot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">take_snapshot()</code></a> function.

724

The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Trace.traceback" title="tracemalloc.Trace.traceback"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Trace.traceback</code></a> attribute is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Traceback</code></a>

725

instance.

726

727

728

<code class="descname">format</code>(limit=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback.format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

729

<dd>Format the traceback as a list of lines with newlines. Use the

730

<a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html#module-linecache" title="linecache: This module provides random access to individual lines from text files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">linecache</code></a> module to retrieve lines from the source code. If

731

limit is set, only format the limit most recent frames.

732

Similar to the <a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html#traceback.format_tb" title="traceback.format_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">traceback.format_tb()</code></a> function, except that

733

<a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback.format" title="tracemalloc.Traceback.format"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">format()</code></a> does not include newlines.

734

Example:

735

<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>print("Traceback (most recent call first):")

736

for line in traceback:

737

print(line)

738

</pre></div>

739

</div>

740

Output:

741

<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>Traceback (most recent call first):

742

File "test.py", line 9

743

obj = Object()

744

File "test.py", line 12

745

tb = tracemalloc.get_object_traceback(f())

746

</pre></div>

747

</div>

748

</dd></dl>

749

750

</dd></dl>

751

752

</div>

753

</div>

754

</div>

755

756

757

</div>

758

</div>

759

</div>

760

761

762

<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>

763

<ul>

764

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">27.7. <code class="docutils literal">tracemalloc</code> — Trace memory allocations</a><ul>

765

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">27.7.1. Examples</a><ul>

766

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#display-the-top-10">27.7.1.1. Display the top 10</a></li>

767

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compute-differences">27.7.1.2. Compute differences</a></li>

768

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block">27.7.1.3. Get the traceback of a memory block</a></li>

769

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pretty-top">27.7.1.4. Pretty top</a></li>

770

</ul>

771

</li>

772

773

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#functions">27.7.2.1. Functions</a></li>

774

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filter">27.7.2.2. Filter</a></li>

775

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#frame">27.7.2.3. Frame</a></li>

776

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#snapshot">27.7.2.4. Snapshot</a></li>

777

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#statistic">27.7.2.5. Statistic</a></li>

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