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<div class="section" id="python-language-services">
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<span id="language"></span><h1>32. Python Language Services<a class="headerlink" href="#python-language-services" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Python provides a number of modules to assist in working with the Python
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language. These modules support tokenizing, parsing, syntax analysis, bytecode
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disassembly, and various other facilities.</p>
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<p>These modules include:</p>
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<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">32.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parser</span></code> — Access Python parse trees</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html#creating-st-objects">32.1.1. Creating ST Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html#converting-st-objects">32.1.2. Converting ST Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html#queries-on-st-objects">32.1.3. Queries on ST Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html#exceptions-and-error-handling">32.1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html#st-objects">32.1.5. ST Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html#example-emulation-of-compile">32.1.6. Example: Emulation of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html">32.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html#node-classes">32.2.1. Node classes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html#abstract-grammar">32.2.2. Abstract Grammar</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html#ast-helpers">32.2.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> Helpers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable.html">32.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">symtable</span></code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable.html#generating-symbol-tables">32.3.1. Generating Symbol Tables</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable.html#examining-symbol-tables">32.3.2. Examining Symbol Tables</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="symbol.html">32.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">symbol</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="token.html">32.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">token</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="keyword.html">32.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keyword</span></code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html">32.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html#tokenizing-input">32.7.1. Tokenizing Input</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html#command-line-usage">32.7.2. Command-Line Usage</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html#examples">32.7.3. Examples</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tabnanny.html">32.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr.html">32.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></code> — Python class browser support</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr.html#class-objects">32.9.1. Class Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr.html#function-objects">32.9.2. Function Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html">32.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code> — Compile Python source files</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html">32.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html#command-line-use">32.11.1. Command-line use</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html#public-functions">32.11.2. Public functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html">32.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html#bytecode-analysis">32.12.1. Bytecode analysis</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html#analysis-functions">32.12.2. Analysis functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions">32.12.3. Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html#opcode-collections">32.12.4. Opcode collections</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html">32.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html#command-line-usage">32.13.1. Command line usage</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html#command-line-options">32.13.1.1. Command line options</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html#programmatic-interface">32.13.2. Programmatic Interface</a></li>
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