1
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
5
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
7
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
9
<title>The Python Language Reference — Python 3.5.2 documentation</title>
11
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" />
12
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
14
<script type="text/javascript">
15
var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
18
COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
23
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
24
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
25
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
26
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
27
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
28
title="Search within Python 3.5.2 documentation"
29
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
30
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
31
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
32
<link rel="top" title="Python 3.5.2 documentation" href="../contents.html" />
33
<link rel="next" title="1. Introduction" href="introduction.html" />
34
<link rel="prev" title="5. Additional Tools and Scripts" href="../using/scripts.html" />
35
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
37
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
38
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/version_switch.js"></script>
44
<body role="document">
45
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
48
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
49
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
50
accesskey="I">index</a></li>
52
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
55
<a href="introduction.html" title="1. Introduction"
56
accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
58
<a href="../using/scripts.html" title="5. Additional Tools and Scripts"
59
accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
60
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
61
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
62
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
64
<span class="version_switcher_placeholder">3.5.2</span>
65
<a href="../index.html">Documentation </a> »
71
<div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search">
72
<form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
73
<input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
74
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
75
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
76
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
79
<script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script>
86
<div class="document">
87
<div class="documentwrapper">
88
<div class="bodywrapper">
89
<div class="body" role="main">
91
<div class="section" id="the-python-language-reference">
92
<span id="reference-index"></span><h1>The Python Language Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-language-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
93
<p>This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the
94
language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of
95
non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules
96
are described in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span>The Python Standard Library</span></a>. For an informal introduction to the
97
language, see <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html#tutorial-index"><span>The Python Tutorial</span></a>. For C or C++ programmers, two additional
98
manuals exist: <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span>Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</span></a> describes the high-level picture of how to
99
write a Python extension module, and the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span>Python/C API Reference Manual</span></a> describes the
100
interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail.</p>
101
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
103
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a><ul>
104
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#alternate-implementations">1.1. Alternate Implementations</a></li>
105
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#notation">1.2. Notation</a></li>
108
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="lexical_analysis.html">2. Lexical analysis</a><ul>
109
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lexical_analysis.html#line-structure">2.1. Line structure</a></li>
110
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lexical_analysis.html#other-tokens">2.2. Other tokens</a></li>
111
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lexical_analysis.html#identifiers">2.3. Identifiers and keywords</a></li>
112
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lexical_analysis.html#literals">2.4. Literals</a></li>
113
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lexical_analysis.html#operators">2.5. Operators</a></li>
114
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lexical_analysis.html#delimiters">2.6. Delimiters</a></li>
117
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datamodel.html">3. Data model</a><ul>
118
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datamodel.html#objects-values-and-types">3.1. Objects, values and types</a></li>
119
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datamodel.html#the-standard-type-hierarchy">3.2. The standard type hierarchy</a></li>
120
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datamodel.html#special-method-names">3.3. Special method names</a></li>
121
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datamodel.html#coroutines">3.4. Coroutines</a></li>
124
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="executionmodel.html">4. Execution model</a><ul>
125
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="executionmodel.html#structure-of-a-program">4.1. Structure of a program</a></li>
126
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="executionmodel.html#naming-and-binding">4.2. Naming and binding</a></li>
127
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="executionmodel.html#exceptions">4.3. Exceptions</a></li>
130
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html">5. The import system</a><ul>
131
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#importlib">5.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code></a></li>
132
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#packages">5.2. Packages</a></li>
133
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#searching">5.3. Searching</a></li>
134
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#loading">5.4. Loading</a></li>
135
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#the-path-based-finder">5.5. The Path Based Finder</a></li>
136
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#replacing-the-standard-import-system">5.6. Replacing the standard import system</a></li>
137
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#special-considerations-for-main">5.7. Special considerations for __main__</a></li>
138
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#open-issues">5.8. Open issues</a></li>
139
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html#references">5.9. References</a></li>
142
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html">6. Expressions</a><ul>
143
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#arithmetic-conversions">6.1. Arithmetic conversions</a></li>
144
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#atoms">6.2. Atoms</a></li>
145
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#primaries">6.3. Primaries</a></li>
146
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#await-expression">6.4. Await expression</a></li>
147
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#the-power-operator">6.5. The power operator</a></li>
148
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations">6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations</a></li>
149
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#binary-arithmetic-operations">6.7. Binary arithmetic operations</a></li>
150
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#shifting-operations">6.8. Shifting operations</a></li>
151
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations">6.9. Binary bitwise operations</a></li>
152
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#comparisons">6.10. Comparisons</a></li>
153
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#boolean-operations">6.11. Boolean operations</a></li>
154
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#conditional-expressions">6.12. Conditional expressions</a></li>
155
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#lambda">6.13. Lambdas</a></li>
156
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#expression-lists">6.14. Expression lists</a></li>
157
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#evaluation-order">6.15. Evaluation order</a></li>
158
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#operator-precedence">6.16. Operator precedence</a></li>
161
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html">7. Simple statements</a><ul>
162
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#expression-statements">7.1. Expression statements</a></li>
163
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements">7.2. Assignment statements</a></li>
164
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-assert-statement">7.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span></code> statement</a></li>
165
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-pass-statement">7.4. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> statement</a></li>
166
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-del-statement">7.5. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li>
167
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-return-statement">7.6. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">return</span></code> statement</a></li>
168
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">7.7. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> statement</a></li>
169
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-raise-statement">7.8. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">raise</span></code> statement</a></li>
170
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-break-statement">7.9. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">break</span></code> statement</a></li>
171
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-continue-statement">7.10. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> statement</a></li>
172
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-import-statement">7.11. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statement</a></li>
173
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-global-statement">7.12. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">global</span></code> statement</a></li>
174
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simple_stmts.html#the-nonlocal-statement">7.13. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonlocal</span></code> statement</a></li>
177
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html">8. Compound statements</a><ul>
178
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement">8.1. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement</a></li>
179
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#the-while-statement">8.2. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">while</span></code> statement</a></li>
180
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#the-for-statement">8.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span></code> statement</a></li>
181
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement">8.4. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">try</span></code> statement</a></li>
182
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#the-with-statement">8.5. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>
183
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#function-definitions">8.6. Function definitions</a></li>
184
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#class-definitions">8.7. Class definitions</a></li>
185
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#coroutines">8.8. Coroutines</a></li>
188
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="toplevel_components.html">9. Top-level components</a><ul>
189
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="toplevel_components.html#complete-python-programs">9.1. Complete Python programs</a></li>
190
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="toplevel_components.html#file-input">9.2. File input</a></li>
191
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="toplevel_components.html#interactive-input">9.3. Interactive input</a></li>
192
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="toplevel_components.html#expression-input">9.4. Expression input</a></li>
195
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="grammar.html">10. Full Grammar specification</a></li>
204
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
205
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
206
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
207
<p class="topless"><a href="../using/scripts.html"
208
title="previous chapter">5. Additional Tools and Scripts</a></p>
210
<p class="topless"><a href="introduction.html"
211
title="next chapter">1. Introduction</a></p>
212
<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
214
<ul class="this-page-menu">
215
<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
216
<li><a href="../_sources/reference/index.txt"
217
rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
222
<div class="clearer"></div>
224
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
227
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
228
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
231
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
234
<a href="introduction.html" title="1. Introduction"
237
<a href="../using/scripts.html" title="5. Additional Tools and Scripts"
239
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
240
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
241
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
243
<span class="version_switcher_placeholder">3.5.2</span>
244
<a href="../index.html">Documentation </a> »
250
<div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search">
251
<form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
252
<input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
253
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
254
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
255
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
258
<script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script>
265
© <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2016, Python Software Foundation.
267
The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
268
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
270
Last updated on Oct 19, 2016.
271
<a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
273
Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.3.
b'\\ No newline at end of file'
added
removed
python-3.5.2-docs-html/reference/index.html
