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<div class="section" id="module-unicodedata">
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<span id="unicodedata-unicode-database"></span><h1>6.5. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unicodedata" title="unicodedata: Access the Unicode Database."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code></a> — Unicode Database<a class="headerlink" href="#module-unicodedata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p id="index-0">This module provides access to the Unicode Character Database (UCD) which
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defines character properties for all Unicode characters. The data contained in
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this database is compiled from the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.unicode.org/Public/8.0.0/ucd">UCD version 8.0.0</a>.</p>
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<p>The module uses the same names and symbols as defined by Unicode
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Standard Annex #44, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/tr44-6.html">“Unicode Character Database”</a>. It defines the
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following functions:</p>
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<dt id="unicodedata.lookup">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">lookup</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.lookup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Look up character by name. If a character with the given name is found, return
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the corresponding character. If not found, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Support for name aliases <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id1">[1]</a> and named sequences <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id4" id="id2">[2]</a> has been added.</p>
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<dt id="unicodedata.name">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">name</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the name assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as a string. If no
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name is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.decimal">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">decimal</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.decimal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the decimal value assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as integer.
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If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given,
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<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.digit">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">digit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.digit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the digit value assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as integer.
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If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given,
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<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.numeric">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">numeric</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.numeric" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the numeric value assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as float.
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If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given,
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<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.category">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">category</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.category" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the general category assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.bidirectional">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">bidirectional</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.bidirectional" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the bidirectional class assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as
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string. If no such value is defined, an empty string is returned.</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.combining">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">combining</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.combining" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the canonical combining class assigned to the character <em>chr</em>
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as integer. Returns <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if no combining class is defined.</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.east_asian_width">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">east_asian_width</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.east_asian_width" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the east asian width assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.mirrored">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">mirrored</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.mirrored" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the mirrored property assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as
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integer. Returns <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the character has been identified as a “mirrored”
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character in bidirectional text, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></code> otherwise.</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.decomposition">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">decomposition</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>chr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.decomposition" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Returns the character decomposition mapping assigned to the character
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<em>chr</em> as string. An empty string is returned in case no such mapping is
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="unicodedata.normalize">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">normalize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>form</em>, <em>unistr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.normalize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return the normal form <em>form</em> for the Unicode string <em>unistr</em>. Valid values for
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<em>form</em> are ‘NFC’, ‘NFKC’, ‘NFD’, and ‘NFKD’.</p>
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<p>The Unicode standard defines various normalization forms of a Unicode string,
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based on the definition of canonical equivalence and compatibility equivalence.
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In Unicode, several characters can be expressed in various way. For example, the
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character U+00C7 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA) can also be expressed as
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the sequence U+0043 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C) U+0327 (COMBINING CEDILLA).</p>
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<p>For each character, there are two normal forms: normal form C and normal form D.
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Normal form D (NFD) is also known as canonical decomposition, and translates
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each character into its decomposed form. Normal form C (NFC) first applies a
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canonical decomposition, then composes pre-combined characters again.</p>
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<p>In addition to these two forms, there are two additional normal forms based on
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compatibility equivalence. In Unicode, certain characters are supported which
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normally would be unified with other characters. For example, U+2160 (ROMAN
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NUMERAL ONE) is really the same thing as U+0049 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I).
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However, it is supported in Unicode for compatibility with existing character
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sets (e.g. gb2312).</p>
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<p>The normal form KD (NFKD) will apply the compatibility decomposition, i.e.
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replace all compatibility characters with their equivalents. The normal form KC
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(NFKC) first applies the compatibility decomposition, followed by the canonical
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<p>Even if two unicode strings are normalized and look the same to
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a human reader, if one has combining characters and the other
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doesn’t, they may not compare equal.</p>
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<p>In addition, the module exposes the following constant:</p>
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<dt id="unicodedata.unidata_version">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">unidata_version</code><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.unidata_version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>The version of the Unicode database used in this module.</p>
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<dt id="unicodedata.ucd_3_2_0">
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<code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">ucd_3_2_0</code><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.ucd_3_2_0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>This is an object that has the same methods as the entire module, but uses the
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Unicode database version 3.2 instead, for applications that require this
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specific version of the Unicode database (such as IDNA).</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unicodedata</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'LEFT CURLY BRACKET'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">'{'</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">'SOLIDUS'</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'9'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">9</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
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File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n">?</span>
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<span class="gr">ValueError</span>: <span class="n">not a decimal</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'A'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 'L'etter, 'u'ppercase</span>
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<span class="go">'Lu'</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bidirectional</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\u0660</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 'A'rabic, 'N'umber</span>
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<span class="go">'AN'</span>
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<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
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<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none">
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<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
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<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td><a class="reference external" href="http://www.unicode.org/Public/8.0.0/ucd/NameAliases.txt">http://www.unicode.org/Public/8.0.0/ucd/NameAliases.txt</a></td></tr>
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<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id4" rules="none">
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<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
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<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[2]</a></td><td><a class="reference external" href="http://www.unicode.org/Public/8.0.0/ucd/NamedSequences.txt">http://www.unicode.org/Public/8.0.0/ucd/NamedSequences.txt</a></td></tr>
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