~dkuhlman/python-training-materials/Materials

<h1>36.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-imp" title="imp: Access the implementation of the import statement. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">imp</code></a> — Access the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#importsystem">import</a> internals<a class="headerlink" href="#module-imp" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>

Deprecated since version 3.4: The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-imp" title="imp: Access the implementation of the import statement. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">imp</code></a> package is pending deprecation in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib" title="importlib: The implementation of the import machinery."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">importlib</code></a>.

</div>

This module provides an interface to the mechanisms used to implement the

<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">get_magic</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.get_magic" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

<dd>Return the magic string value used to recognize byte-compiled code files

(<code class="file docutils literal">.pyc</code> files). (This value may be different for each Python version.)

Deprecated since version 3.4: Use <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER" title="importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER</code></a> instead.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">get_suffixes</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.get_suffixes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

<dd>Return a list of 3-element tuples, each describing a particular type of

module. Each triple has the form <code class="docutils literal">(suffix, mode, type)</code>, where suffix is

a string to be appended to the module name to form the filename to search

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for, mode is the mode string to pass to the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">open()</code></a> function

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to open the file (this can be <code class="docutils literal">'r'</code> for text files or <code class="docutils literal">'rb'</code> for binary

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files), and type is the file type, which has one of the values

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<a class="reference internal" href="#imp.PY_SOURCE" title="imp.PY_SOURCE"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal">PY_SOURCE</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.PY_COMPILED" title="imp.PY_COMPILED"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal">PY_COMPILED</code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.C_EXTENSION" title="imp.C_EXTENSION"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal">C_EXTENSION</code></a>, described

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below.

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Deprecated since version 3.3: Use the constants defined on <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery" title="importlib.machinery: Importers and path hooks"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">importlib.machinery</code></a> instead.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">find_module</code>(name[, path])<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.find_module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Try to find the module name. If path is omitted or <code class="docutils literal">None</code>, the list of

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directory names given by <code class="docutils literal">sys.path</code> is searched, but first a few special

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places are searched: the function tries to find a built-in module with the

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given name (<a class="reference internal" href="#imp.C_BUILTIN" title="imp.C_BUILTIN"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal">C_BUILTIN</code></a>), then a frozen module (<a class="reference internal" href="#imp.PY_FROZEN" title="imp.PY_FROZEN"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal">PY_FROZEN</code></a>),

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and on some systems some other places are looked in as well (on Windows, it

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looks in the registry which may point to a specific file).

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Otherwise, path must be a list of directory names; each directory is

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searched for files with any of the suffixes returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.get_suffixes" title="imp.get_suffixes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_suffixes()</code></a>

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above. Invalid names in the list are silently ignored (but all list items

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must be strings).

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If search is successful, the return value is a 3-element tuple <code class="docutils literal">(file,

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pathname, description)</code>:

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file is an open <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object">file object</a> positioned at the beginning, pathname

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is the pathname of the file found, and description is a 3-element tuple as

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contained in the list returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.get_suffixes" title="imp.get_suffixes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_suffixes()</code></a> describing the kind of

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module found.

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If the module does not live in a file, the returned file is <code class="docutils literal">None</code>,

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pathname is the empty string, and the description tuple contains empty

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strings for its suffix and mode; the module type is indicated as given in

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parentheses above. If the search is unsuccessful, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ImportError" title="ImportError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">ImportError</code></a> is

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raised. Other exceptions indicate problems with the arguments or

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environment.

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If the module is a package, file is <code class="docutils literal">None</code>, pathname is the package

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path and the last item in the description tuple is <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.PKG_DIRECTORY" title="imp.PKG_DIRECTORY"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal">PKG_DIRECTORY</code></a>.

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This function does not handle hierarchical module names (names containing

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dots). In order to find P.M, that is, submodule M of package P, use

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<a class="reference internal" href="#imp.find_module" title="imp.find_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">find_module()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.load_module" title="imp.load_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">load_module()</code></a> to find and load package P, and

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then use <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.find_module" title="imp.find_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">find_module()</code></a> with the path argument set to <code class="docutils literal">P.__path__</code>.

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When P itself has a dotted name, apply this recipe recursively.

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Deprecated since version 3.3: Use <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.util.find_spec" title="importlib.util.find_spec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">importlib.util.find_spec()</code></a> instead unless Python 3.3

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compatibility is required, in which case use

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<a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.find_loader" title="importlib.find_loader"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">importlib.find_loader()</code></a>.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">load_module</code>(name, file, pathname, description)<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.load_module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Load a module that was previously found by <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.find_module" title="imp.find_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">find_module()</code></a> (or by an

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otherwise conducted search yielding compatible results). This function does

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more than importing the module: if the module was already imported, it will

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reload the module! The name argument indicates the full

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module name (including the package name, if this is a submodule of a

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package). The file argument is an open file, and pathname is the

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corresponding file name; these can be <code class="docutils literal">None</code> and <code class="docutils literal">''</code>, respectively, when

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the module is a package or not being loaded from a file. The description

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argument is a tuple, as would be returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.get_suffixes" title="imp.get_suffixes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_suffixes()</code></a>, describing

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what kind of module must be loaded.

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If the load is successful, the return value is the module object; otherwise,

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an exception (usually <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ImportError" title="ImportError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">ImportError</code></a>) is raised.

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Important: the caller is responsible for closing the file argument, if

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it was not <code class="docutils literal">None</code>, even when an exception is raised. This is best done

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using a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal">try</code></a> ... <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal">finally</code></a> statement.

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Deprecated since version 3.3: If previously used in conjunction with <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.find_module" title="imp.find_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">imp.find_module()</code></a> then

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consider using <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.import_module" title="importlib.import_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">importlib.import_module()</code></a>, otherwise use the loader

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returned by the replacement you chose for <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.find_module" title="imp.find_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">imp.find_module()</code></a>. If you

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called <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.load_module" title="imp.load_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">imp.load_module()</code></a> and related functions directly then use the

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classes in <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery" title="importlib.machinery: Importers and path hooks"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">importlib.machinery</code></a>, e.g.

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<code class="docutils literal">importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader(name, path).load_module()</code>.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">new_module</code>(name)<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.new_module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Return a new empty module object called name. This object is not inserted

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in <code class="docutils literal">sys.modules</code>.

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Deprecated since version 3.4: Use <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#types.ModuleType" title="types.ModuleType"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">types.ModuleType</code></a> instead.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">reload</code>(module)<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.reload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Reload a previously imported module. The argument must be a module object, so

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it must have been successfully imported before. This is useful if you have

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edited the module source file using an external editor and want to try out the

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new version without leaving the Python interpreter. The return value is the

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module object (the same as the module argument).

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When <code class="docutils literal">reload(module)</code> is executed:

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<li>Python modules’ code is recompiled and the module-level code reexecuted,

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defining a new set of objects which are bound to names in the module’s

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dictionary. The <code class="docutils literal">init</code> function of extension modules is not called a second

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time.</li>

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<li>As with all other objects in Python the old objects are only reclaimed after

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their reference counts drop to zero.</li>

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<li>The names in the module namespace are updated to point to any new or changed

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objects.</li>

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<li>Other references to the old objects (such as names external to the module) are

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not rebound to refer to the new objects and must be updated in each namespace

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where they occur if that is desired.</li>

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</ul>

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There are a number of other caveats:

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When a module is reloaded, its dictionary (containing the module’s global

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variables) is retained. Redefinitions of names will override the old

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definitions, so this is generally not a problem. If the new version of a module

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does not define a name that was defined by the old version, the old definition

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remains. This feature can be used to the module’s advantage if it maintains a

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global table or cache of objects — with a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal">try</code></a> statement it can test

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for the table’s presence and skip its initialization if desired:

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>try:

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cache

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except NameError:

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cache = {}

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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It is legal though generally not very useful to reload built-in or dynamically

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loaded modules, except for <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sys</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">__main__</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="builtins.html#module-builtins" title="builtins: The module that provides the built-in namespace."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">builtins</code></a>.

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In many cases, however, extension modules are not designed to be initialized

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more than once, and may fail in arbitrary ways when reloaded.

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If a module imports objects from another module using <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#from"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal">from</code></a> ...

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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#import"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal">import</code></a> ..., calling <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.reload" title="imp.reload"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">reload()</code></a> for the other module does not

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redefine the objects imported from it — one way around this is to re-execute

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the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#from"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal">from</code></a> statement, another is to use <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#import"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal">import</code></a> and qualified

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names (module.*name*) instead.

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If a module instantiates instances of a class, reloading the module that defines

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the class does not affect the method definitions of the instances — they

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continue to use the old class definition. The same is true for derived classes.

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Changed in version 3.3: Relies on both <code class="docutils literal">__name__</code> and <code class="docutils literal">__loader__</code> being defined on the module

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being reloaded instead of just <code class="docutils literal">__name__</code>.

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</div>

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Deprecated since version 3.4: Use <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.reload" title="importlib.reload"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">importlib.reload()</code></a> instead.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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The following functions are conveniences for handling <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147">PEP 3147</a> byte-compiled

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file paths.

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New in version 3.2.

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</div>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">cache_from_source</code>(path, debug_override=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.cache_from_source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Return the <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147">PEP 3147</a> path to the byte-compiled file associated with the

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source path. For example, if path is <code class="docutils literal">/foo/bar/baz.py</code> the return

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value would be <code class="docutils literal">/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc</code> for Python 3.2.

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The <code class="docutils literal">cpython-32</code> string comes from the current magic tag (see

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<a class="reference internal" href="#imp.get_tag" title="imp.get_tag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_tag()</code></a>; if <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">sys.implementation.cache_tag</code> is not defined then

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<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#NotImplementedError" title="NotImplementedError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">NotImplementedError</code></a> will be raised). By passing in <code class="docutils literal">True</code> or

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<code class="docutils literal">False</code> for debug_override you can override the system’s value for

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<code class="docutils literal">__debug__</code>, leading to optimized bytecode.

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path need not exist.

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Changed in version 3.3: If <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">sys.implementation.cache_tag</code> is <code class="docutils literal">None</code>, then

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</div>

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Deprecated since version 3.4: Use <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.util.cache_from_source" title="importlib.util.cache_from_source"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">importlib.util.cache_from_source()</code></a> instead.

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</div>

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Changed in version 3.5: The debug_override parameter no longer creates a <code class="docutils literal">.pyo</code> file.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">source_from_cache</code>(path)<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.source_from_cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Given the path to a <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147">PEP 3147</a> file name, return the associated source code

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file path. For example, if path is

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<code class="docutils literal">/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc</code> the returned path would be

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<code class="docutils literal">/foo/bar/baz.py</code>. path need not exist, however if it does not conform

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to <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147">PEP 3147</a> format, a <code class="docutils literal">ValueError</code> is raised. If

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<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">sys.implementation.cache_tag</code> is not defined,

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Changed in version 3.3: Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#NotImplementedError" title="NotImplementedError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">NotImplementedError</code></a> when

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<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">sys.implementation.cache_tag</code> is not defined.

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</div>

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Deprecated since version 3.4: Use <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.util.source_from_cache" title="importlib.util.source_from_cache"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">importlib.util.source_from_cache()</code></a> instead.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<dd>Return the <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147">PEP 3147</a> magic tag string matching this version of Python’s

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magic number, as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.get_magic" title="imp.get_magic"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">get_magic()</code></a>.

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Deprecated since version 3.4: Use <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">sys.implementation.cache_tag</code> directly starting

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in Python 3.3.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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The following functions help interact with the import system’s internal

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locking mechanism. Locking semantics of imports are an implementation

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detail which may vary from release to release. However, Python ensures

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that circular imports work without any deadlocks.

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<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal">True</code> if the global import lock is currently held, else

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<code class="docutils literal">False</code>. On platforms without threads, always return <code class="docutils literal">False</code>.

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On platforms with threads, a thread executing an import first holds a

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global import lock, then sets up a per-module lock for the rest of the

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import. This blocks other threads from importing the same module until

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the original import completes, preventing other threads from seeing

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incomplete module objects constructed by the original thread. An

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exception is made for circular imports, which by construction have to

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expose an incomplete module object at some point.

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Changed in version 3.3: The locking scheme has changed to per-module locks for

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the most part. A global import lock is kept for some critical tasks,

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such as initializing the per-module locks.

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</div>

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Deprecated since version 3.4.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">acquire_lock</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.acquire_lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Acquire the interpreter’s global import lock for the current thread.

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This lock should be used by import hooks to ensure thread-safety when

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importing modules.

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Once a thread has acquired the import lock, the same thread may acquire it

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again without blocking; the thread must release it once for each time it has

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acquired it.

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On platforms without threads, this function does nothing.

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Changed in version 3.3: The locking scheme has changed to per-module locks for

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the most part. A global import lock is kept for some critical tasks,

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such as initializing the per-module locks.

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</div>

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Deprecated since version 3.4.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">release_lock</code>()<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.release_lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>Release the interpreter’s global import lock. On platforms without

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threads, this function does nothing.

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Changed in version 3.3: The locking scheme has changed to per-module locks for

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the most part. A global import lock is kept for some critical tasks,

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such as initializing the per-module locks.

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</div>

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Deprecated since version 3.4.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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The following constants with integer values, defined in this module, are used

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to indicate the search result of <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.find_module" title="imp.find_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">find_module()</code></a>.

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">PY_SOURCE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#imp.PY_SOURCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>The module was found as a source file.

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Deprecated since version 3.3.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">PY_COMPILED</code><a class="headerlink" href="#imp.PY_COMPILED" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>The module was found as a compiled code object file.

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Deprecated since version 3.3.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">C_EXTENSION</code><a class="headerlink" href="#imp.C_EXTENSION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>The module was found as dynamically loadable shared library.

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Deprecated since version 3.3.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">PKG_DIRECTORY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#imp.PKG_DIRECTORY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>The module was found as a package directory.

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Deprecated since version 3.3.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">C_BUILTIN</code><a class="headerlink" href="#imp.C_BUILTIN" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>The module was found as a built-in module.

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Deprecated since version 3.3.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">PY_FROZEN</code><a class="headerlink" href="#imp.PY_FROZEN" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>The module was found as a frozen module.

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Deprecated since version 3.3.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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class <code class="descclassname">imp.</code><code class="descname">NullImporter</code>(path_string)<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.NullImporter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>The <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.NullImporter" title="imp.NullImporter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">NullImporter</code></a> type is a <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302">PEP 302</a> import hook that handles

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non-directory path strings by failing to find any modules. Calling this type

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with an existing directory or empty string raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ImportError" title="ImportError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">ImportError</code></a>.

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Otherwise, a <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.NullImporter" title="imp.NullImporter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">NullImporter</code></a> instance is returned.

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Instances have only one method:

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<code class="descname">find_module</code>(fullname[, path])<a class="headerlink" href="#imp.NullImporter.find_module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>

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<dd>This method always returns <code class="docutils literal">None</code>, indicating that the requested module could

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not be found.

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</dd></dl>

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Changed in version 3.3: <code class="docutils literal">None</code> is inserted into <code class="docutils literal">sys.path_importer_cache</code> instead of an

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instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.NullImporter" title="imp.NullImporter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal">NullImporter</code></a>.

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</div>

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Deprecated since version 3.4: Insert <code class="docutils literal">None</code> into <code class="docutils literal">sys.path_importer_cache</code> instead.

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</div>

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</dd></dl>

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<h2>36.2.1. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>

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The following function emulates what was the standard import statement up to

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Python 1.4 (no hierarchical module names). (This implementation wouldn’t work

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in that version, since <a class="reference internal" href="#imp.find_module" title="imp.find_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">find_module()</code></a> has been extended and

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<a class="reference internal" href="#imp.load_module" title="imp.load_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal">load_module()</code></a> has been added in 1.4.)

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<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>import imp

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import sys

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def __import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=None):

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# Fast path: see if the module has already been imported.

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try:

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return sys.modules[name]

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except KeyError:

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pass

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# If any of the following calls raises an exception,

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# there's a problem we can't handle -- let the caller handle it.

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fp, pathname, description = imp.find_module(name)

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try:

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return imp.load_module(name, fp, pathname, description)

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finally:

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# Since we may exit via an exception, close fp explicitly.

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if fp:

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fp.close()

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</pre></div>

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</div>

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</div>

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</div>

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</div>

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</div>

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</div>

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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>

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<ul>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">36.2. <code class="docutils literal">imp</code> — Access the <code class="docutils literal">import</code> internals</a><ul>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">36.2.1. Examples</a></li>

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</ul>

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</li>

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</ul>

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<h4>Previous topic</h4>

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<a href="optparse.html"

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title="previous chapter">36.1. <code class="docutils literal">optparse</code> — Parser for command line options</a>

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<h4>Next topic</h4>

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<a href="undoc.html"

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title="next chapter">37. Undocumented Modules</a>

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