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<div class="section" id="module-UserDict">
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<span id="userdict-class-wrapper-for-dictionary-objects"></span><h1>8.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for dictionary objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserDict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/2.7/Lib/UserDict.py">Lib/UserDict.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The module defines a mixin, <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>, defining all dictionary methods
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for classes that already have a minimum mapping interface. This greatly
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simplifies writing classes that need to be substitutable for dictionaries (such
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as the shelve module).</p>
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<p>This module also defines a class, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a>, that acts as a wrapper
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around dictionary objects. The need for this class has been largely supplanted
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by the ability to subclass directly from <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a> (a feature that became
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available starting with Python version 2.2). Prior to the introduction of
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<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class was used to create dictionary-like
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sub-classes that obtained new behaviors by overriding existing methods or adding
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> module defines the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class and
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<a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>:</p>
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<dt id="UserDict.UserDict">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">UserDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>initialdata</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Class that simulates a dictionary. The instance’s contents are kept in a
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regular dictionary, which is accessible via the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute of
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<a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> instances. If <em>initialdata</em> is provided, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> is
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initialized with its contents; note that a reference to <em>initialdata</em> will not
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be kept, allowing it be used for other purposes.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">For backward compatibility, instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> are not iterable.</p>
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<dt id="UserDict.IterableUserDict">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">IterableUserDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>initialdata</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> that supports direct iteration (e.g. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">key</span> <span class="pre">in</span>
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<span class="pre">myDict</span></code>).</p>
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<p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of mappings (see section
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<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#typesmapping"><span>Mapping Types — dict</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict" title="UserDict.IterableUserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">IterableUserDict</span></code></a> instances
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provide the following attribute:</p>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="UserDict.IterableUserDict.data">
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<code class="descclassname">IterableUserDict.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>A real dictionary used to store the contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class.</p>
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<dt id="UserDict.DictMixin">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">DictMixin</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Mixin defining all dictionary methods for classes that already have a minimum
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dictionary interface including <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__setitem__" title="object.__setitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setitem__()</span></code></a>,
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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__delitem__" title="object.__delitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delitem__()</span></code></a>, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">keys()</span></code>.</p>
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<p>This mixin should be used as a superclass. Adding each of the above methods
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adds progressively more functionality. For instance, defining all but
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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__delitem__" title="object.__delitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delitem__()</span></code></a> will preclude only <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">pop()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">popitem()</span></code> from the
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<p>In addition to the four base methods, progressively more efficiency comes with
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defining <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__contains__" title="object.__contains__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__" title="object.__iter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></code></a>, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">iteritems()</span></code>.</p>
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<p>Since the mixin has no knowledge of the subclass constructor, it does not define
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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__init__" title="object.__init__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="copy.html#module-copy" title="copy: Shallow and deep copy operations."><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a>.</p>
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<p>Starting with Python version 2.6, it is recommended to use
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<a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.MutableMapping" title="collections.MutableMapping"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections.MutableMapping</span></code></a> instead of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>.</p>
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<div class="section" id="module-UserList">
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<span id="userlist-class-wrapper-for-list-objects"></span><h1>8.13. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for list objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserList" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
147
<p>When Python 2.2 was released, many of the use cases for this class were
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subsumed by the ability to subclass <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> directly. However, a
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handful of use cases remain.</p>
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<p>This module provides a list-interface around an underlying data store. By
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default, that data store is a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>; however, it can be used to wrap
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a list-like interface around other objects (such as persistent storage).</p>
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<p class="last">In addition, this class can be mixed-in with built-in classes using multiple
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inheritance. This can sometimes be useful. For example, you can inherit
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from <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> at the same time. That would not be
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possible with both a real <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> and a real <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>.</p>
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<p>This module defines a class that acts as a wrapper around list objects. It is a
159
useful base class for your own list-like classes, which can inherit from them
160
and override existing methods or add new ones. In this way one can add new
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behaviors to lists.</p>
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> module defines the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> class:</p>
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<dt id="UserList.UserList">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserList.</code><code class="descname">UserList</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>list</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserList.UserList" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Class that simulates a list. The instance’s contents are kept in a regular
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list, which is accessible via the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList.data" title="UserList.UserList.data"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code></a> attribute of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a>
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instances. The instance’s contents are initially set to a copy of <em>list</em>,
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defaulting to the empty list <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[]</span></code>. <em>list</em> can be any iterable, e.g. a
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real Python list or a <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> object.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> class has been moved to the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a>
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module in Python 3. The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-2to3"><span class="xref std std-term">2to3</span></a> tool will automatically adapt
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imports when converting your sources to Python 3.</p>
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<p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of mutable sequences (see
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section <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#typesseq"><span>Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> instances provide the following
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="UserList.UserList.data">
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<code class="descclassname">UserList.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserList.UserList.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>A real Python list object used to store the contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a>
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<p><strong>Subclassing requirements:</strong> Subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> are expected to
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offer a constructor which can be called with either no arguments or one
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argument. List operations which return a new sequence attempt to create an
192
instance of the actual implementation class. To do so, it assumes that the
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constructor can be called with a single parameter, which is a sequence object
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used as a data source.</p>
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<p>If a derived class does not wish to comply with this requirement, all of the
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special methods supported by this class will need to be overridden; please
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consult the sources for information about the methods which need to be provided
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.0: </span>Python versions 1.5.2 and 1.6 also required that the constructor be callable
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with no parameters, and offer a mutable <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute. Earlier
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versions of Python did not attempt to create instances of the derived class.</p>
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<div class="section" id="module-UserString">
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<span id="userstring-class-wrapper-for-string-objects"></span><h1>8.14. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for string objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserString" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">This <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class from this module is available for backward
210
compatibility only. If you are writing code that does not need to work with
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versions of Python earlier than Python 2.2, please consider subclassing directly
212
from the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> type instead of using <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> (there
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is no built-in equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a>).</p>
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<p>This module defines a class that acts as a wrapper around string objects. It is
216
a useful base class for your own string-like classes, which can inherit from
217
them and override existing methods or add new ones. In this way one can add new
218
behaviors to strings.</p>
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<p>It should be noted that these classes are highly inefficient compared to real
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string or Unicode objects; this is especially the case for
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<a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a>.</p>
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> module defines the following classes:</p>
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<dt id="UserString.UserString">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserString.</code><code class="descname">UserString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>sequence</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.UserString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Class that simulates a string or a Unicode string object. The instance’s
227
content is kept in a regular string or Unicode string object, which is
228
accessible via the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> instances. The
229
instance’s contents are initially set to a copy of <em>sequence</em>. <em>sequence</em> can
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be either a regular Python string or Unicode string, an instance of
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<a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> (or a subclass) or an arbitrary sequence which can be
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converted into a string using the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> function.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class has been moved to the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a>
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module in Python 3. The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-2to3"><span class="xref std std-term">2to3</span></a> tool will automatically adapt
237
imports when converting your sources to Python 3.</p>
242
<dt id="UserString.MutableString">
243
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserString.</code><code class="descname">MutableString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>sequence</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>This class is derived from the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> above and redefines strings
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to be <em>mutable</em>. Mutable strings can’t be used as dictionary keys, because
246
dictionaries require <em>immutable</em> objects as keys. The main intention of this
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class is to serve as an educational example for inheritance and necessity to
248
remove (override) the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__" title="object.__hash__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></code></a> method in order to trap attempts to use a
249
mutable object as dictionary key, which would be otherwise very error prone and
250
hard to track down.</p>
251
<div class="deprecated">
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<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a> class has been removed in Python 3.</p>
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<p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of string and Unicode
257
objects (see section <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#string-methods"><span>String Methods</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> instances
258
provide the following attribute:</p>
259
<dl class="attribute">
260
<dt id="UserString.MutableString.data">
261
<code class="descclassname">MutableString.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.MutableString.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
262
<dd><p>A real Python string or Unicode object used to store the content of the
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<a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class.</p>
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