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GNU Free Documentation License
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Version 1.1, March 2000
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Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
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the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
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modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
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this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
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credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
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modifications made by others.
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This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
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works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
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complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
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license designed for free software.
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
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software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
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program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
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software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
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it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
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whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
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principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
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1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
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notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
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under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any
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such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
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A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
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Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
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modifications and/or translated into another language.
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A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
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the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
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publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
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(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
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within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
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textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
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mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
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connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
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commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
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are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
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that says that the Document is released under this License.
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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
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as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
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the Document is released under this License.
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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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represented in a format whose specification is available to the
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general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
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straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
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pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
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drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
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for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
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to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
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format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
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subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is
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not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
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or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
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HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include
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PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
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by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
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processing tools are not generally available, and the
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machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
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The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
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plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
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this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
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formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
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the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
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preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
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copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
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to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
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conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
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technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
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copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
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compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
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number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
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you may publicly display copies.
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3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
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and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
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the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
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Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
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the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
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you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
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the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
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visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
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Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
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the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
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as verbatim copying in other respects.
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
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legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
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reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
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more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
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copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
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a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
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Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
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general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
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charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
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option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
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distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
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Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
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until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
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copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
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Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
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them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
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You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
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the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
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the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
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Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
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and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
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of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
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A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
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from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
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(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
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of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
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if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
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B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
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responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
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Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
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Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
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C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
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Modified Version, as the publisher.
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D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
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E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
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adjacent to the other copyright notices.
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F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
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giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
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terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
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G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
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and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
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H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
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it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
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publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
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there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
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stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
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given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
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Version as stated in the previous sentence.
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J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
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public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
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the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
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it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
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You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
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least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
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publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
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K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
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preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
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substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
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and/or dedications given therein.
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L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
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unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
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or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
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M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
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may not be included in the Modified Version.
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N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"
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or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
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If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
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appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
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copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
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of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
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list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
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These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
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You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
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nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
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been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
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passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
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Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
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through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
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includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
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by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
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you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
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permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
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The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
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give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
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imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
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License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
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versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
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Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
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list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
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The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
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multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
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copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
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different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
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adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
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author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
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Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
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Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
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In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
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in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
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"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
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and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
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entitled "Endorsements."
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6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
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You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
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released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
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License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
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the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
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verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
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You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
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it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
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License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
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other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
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7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
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A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
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and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
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distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
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of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
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compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
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License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
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with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
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are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
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If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
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copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
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of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
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covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
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Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
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Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
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distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
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Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
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permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
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translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
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original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
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translation of this License provided that you also include the
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original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
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between the translation and the original English version of this
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License, the original English version will prevail.
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You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
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as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
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copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
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automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
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parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
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License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
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parties remain in full compliance.
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10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
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of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
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versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
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differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
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http:///www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
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Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
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If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
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License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
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following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
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of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
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Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
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number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
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as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
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the License in the document and put the following copyright and
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license notices just after the title page:
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Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
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Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Free Documentation License".
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If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
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instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
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Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
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"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
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free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
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to permit their use in free software.
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