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<!ENTITY % globalent SYSTEM "../../../libs/global.ent">
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<!-- NAMES --><!ENTITY canonical-name "Canonical Ltd.">
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<!ENTITY project-name "Ubuntu Documentation Project">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu "<phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>">
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<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY distro-version "Dapper Drake">
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<!ENTITY distro-rev "6.06 LTS">
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<!ENTITY distro-release-date "June 2006">
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<!ENTITY linux-kernel-version "2.6.15">
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<!ENTITY gcc-version "4.0.3">
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<!ENTITY glibc-version "2.3.6">
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<!ENTITY python-version "2.4.3">
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<!-- AUTHORS --><!ENTITY author-ubuntu-documentation-project SYSTEM "../common/authors/ubuntu-documentation-project.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-christoph-haas SYSTEM "../common/authors/christoph-haas.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-alexander-poslavsky SYSTEM "../common/authors/alexander-poslavsky.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-alan-hood SYSTEM "../common/authors/alan-hood.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-johnathon-hornbeck SYSTEM "../common/authors/johnathon-hornbeck.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-nick-loeve SYSTEM "../common/authors/nick-loeve.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-gordon-ingram SYSTEM "../common/authors/gordon-ingram.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-sean-wheller SYSTEM "../common/authors/sean-wheller.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-enrico-zini SYSTEM "../common/authors/enrico-zini.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-kevin-muligan SYSTEM "../common/authors/kevin-muligan.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-ari-torhamo SYSTEM "../common/authors/ari-torhamo.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-jeff-schering SYSTEM "../common/authors/jeff-schering.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-corey-burger SYSTEM "../common/authors/corey-burger.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-niel-tallim SYSTEM "../common/authors/niel-tallim.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-henry-meyerding SYSTEM "../common/authors/henry-meyerding.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-matthew-east SYSTEM "../common/authors/matthew-east.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-jerome-gotangco SYSTEM "../common/authors/jerome-gotangco.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-johnathan-jesse SYSTEM "../common/authors/johnathan-jesse.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-greg-taylor SYSTEM "../common/authors/greg-taylor.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-troy-williams SYSTEM "../common/authors/troy-williams.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-matt-galvin SYSTEM "../common/authors/matt-galvin.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-robert-stoffers SYSTEM "../common/authors/robert-stoffers.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-jordan-mantha SYSTEM "../common/authors/jordan-mantha.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-venkat-raghavan SYSTEM "../common/authors/venkat-raghavan.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-brian-burger SYSTEM "../common/authors/brian-burger.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-rocco-stanzione SYSTEM "../common/authors/rocco-stanzione.xml">
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<!ENTITY glossary SYSTEM "../common/C/glossary.xml">
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<!-- LEGAL URLs --><!ENTITY gpl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc "http://creativecommons.org/">
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<!ENTITY cc-attrib '<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc-fulldeed-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode/">
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<!ENTITY fdl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc-disclaimer-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/disclaimer-popup?lang=en">
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<!-- CANONICAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY canonical-url "http://www.canonical.com">
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<!-- UBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY ubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-dpkgfile "ubuntu5.10.tar">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-web "http://www.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-main "http://www.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-download "http://www.ubuntu.com/download">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-forums "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-components "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-wiki "http://wiki.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel #ubuntu">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-bugzilla "https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+bugs">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-bugs "https://launchpad.net/products/ubuntu-doc/+bugs">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-paidsupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/supportoptions/paidsupport">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-freesupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/supportoptions/freesupport">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-comments "http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=21787">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation "http://help.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation-repos "https://docteam.ubuntu.com/repos/trunk">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-team "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-list "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-doc">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-shipit "http://shipit.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-launchpad "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-rosetta "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com/rosetta">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-planet "http://planet.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-philosophy "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-participate "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/">
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<!-- UBUNTU WIKI RESOURCES --><!ENTITY wiki-UserDocumentation "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UserDocumentation">
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<!ENTITY restricted-formats "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats">
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<!ENTITY wiki-RestrictedFormats "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats">
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<!ENTITY wiki-XChatHowto "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/XChatHowto">
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<!ENTITY wiki-RootSudo "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo">
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<!ENTITY wiki-HowToGetHelp "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HowToGetHelp">
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<!ENTITY transcode "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DVDRippingandEncoding">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Wine "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Wine">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Cedega "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Cedega">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Nano "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/NanoHowto">
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<!ENTITY wiki-locoteams "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeamList">
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<!ENTITY wiki-BasicCommands "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BasicCommands">
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<!ENTITY wiki-filepermissions "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FilePermissions">
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<!-- KUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY kubuntu-web "http://www.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-main "http://www.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-download "http://releases.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com/breezy/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-cdpackages-nodefault "http://people.ubuntu.com/~cjwatson/seeds/kubuntu-breezy/ship">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-users/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-users "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-users/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-devel "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-devel/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-mirrors "http://distrowatch.com/kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums "http://ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=68">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums2 "http://kubuntuforums.net">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki "http://www.ubuntu.com/wiki/Kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-documentation-site "http://www.kubuntu.org/documentation.php">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki-UserDocumentation "https://wiki.kubuntu.com/UserDocumentation">
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<!-- XUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY xubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel xubuntu">
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<!-- DEBIAN RESOURCES --><!ENTITY debian-apt "http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">
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<!-- EXTERNAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY linmodem "http://www.linmodems.org/">
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<!ENTITY gnome "http://www.gnome.org/">
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<!ENTITY linuxorg "http://www.linux.org/">
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<!ENTITY ooo "http://www.openoffice.org/">
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<!ENTITY kde "http://www.kde.org/">
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<!ENTITY lugww "http://lugww.counter.li.org/">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-watch "http://distrowatch.com/ubuntu/">
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<!ENTITY realplayer-download "http://www.real.com/linux/">
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<!ENTITY nvu-download "http://www.nvu.com/download.html">
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<!ENTITY sunjava-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
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<!ENTITY xorg "http://www.x.org">
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<!ENTITY dyndns "http://www.dyndns.org">
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<!ENTITY shoutcast "http://www.shoutcast.com/">
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<!ENTITY freedomtoaster "http://www.freedomtoaster.org/">
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<!-- ubuntu-screenshots TODO --><!ENTITY kubuntu-screenshots "http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=306&slide=1">
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<!ENTITY mozilla "http://www.mozilla.org/">
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<!ENTITY mozilla-firefox "http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/">
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<!ENTITY gnu "http://www.gnu.org/">
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<!ENTITY gnu-philosophy "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/">
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<!ENTITY win4lin "http://www.win4lin.com">
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<!ENTITY codeweavers "http://www.codeweavers.com">
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<!ENTITY kernel "http://www.kernel.org">
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<!ENTITY google "http://www.google.com">
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<!ENTITY kdelook " http://www.kde-look.org">
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<!ENTITY lulu-store "http://www.lulu.com/ubuntu-doc">
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<!-- this entity controls the url for addons--><!ENTITY java-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
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<!ENTITY skype-deb "skype_1.2.0.17-1_i386.deb">
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<!ENTITY skype-download "http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb">
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<!ENTITY scanmodem-gz "scanModem.gz">
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<!ENTITY scanmodem-url "http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/packages/scanModem.gz">
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<!ENTITY ext2fs-url "http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html">
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<!ENTITY mvb-tar "mvb_1.6.tgz">
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<!ENTITY mvb-url "http://www.xscd.com/pub/mvb/&mvb-tar;">
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<!-- TLDP --><!ENTITY ldp-pre-install-check "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Pre-Installation-Checklist/">
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<!-- LANGUAGES (sorted by two letter code)--><!ENTITY Afar "aa">
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<!ENTITY Abkhazian "ab">
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<!ENTITY Afrikaans "af">
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<!ENTITY Amharic "af">
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<!ENTITY Arabic "ar">
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<!ENTITY Assamese "as">
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<!ENTITY Aymara "ay">
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<!ENTITY Azerbaijani "az">
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<!ENTITY Bashkir "ba">
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<!ENTITY Byelorussian "be">
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<!ENTITY Bulgarian "bg">
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<!ENTITY Bihari "bh">
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<!ENTITY Bislama "bi">
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<!ENTITY Bangla "bn">
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<!ENTITY Bengali "bn">
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<!ENTITY Tibetan "bo">
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<!ENTITY Breton "br">
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<!ENTITY Catalan "ca">
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<!ENTITY Corsican "co">
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<!ENTITY Danish "da">
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<!ENTITY German "de">
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<!ENTITY Bhutani "dz">
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<!-- <!ENTITY EnglishAmerican 'en'> --><!ENTITY EnglishAmerican "C">
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<!ENTITY Esperanto "eo">
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<!ENTITY Spanish "es">
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<!ENTITY Estonian "et">
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<!ENTITY Basque "eu">
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<!ENTITY Persian "fa">
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<!ENTITY Finnish "fi">
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<!ENTITY Faeroese "fo">
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<!ENTITY French "fr">
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<!ENTITY Frisian "fy">
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<!ENTITY Gaelic "gd">
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<!ENTITY ScotsGaelic "gd">
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<!ENTITY Galician "gl">
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<!ENTITY Guarani "gn">
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<!ENTITY Gujarati "gu">
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<!ENTITY Croatian "hr">
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<!ENTITY Hungarian "hu">
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<!ENTITY Armenian "hy">
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<!ENTITY Interlingua "ia">
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<!ENTITY Interlingue "ie">
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<!ENTITY Inupiak "ik">
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<!ENTITY Indonesian "in">
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<!ENTITY Icelandic "is">
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<!ENTITY Italian "it">
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<!ENTITY Hebrew "iw">
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<!ENTITY Japanese "ja">
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<!ENTITY Yiddish "ji">
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<!ENTITY Javanese "jw">
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<!ENTITY Georgian "ka">
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<!ENTITY Kazakh "kk">
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<!ENTITY Greenlandic "kl">
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<!ENTITY Cambodian "km">
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<!ENTITY Kannada "kn">
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<!ENTITY Korean "ko">
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<!ENTITY Kashmiri "ks">
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<!ENTITY Kurdish "ku">
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<!ENTITY Kirghiz "ky">
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<!ENTITY Lingala "ln">
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<!ENTITY Laothian "lo">
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<!ENTITY Lithuanian "lt">
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<!ENTITY Latvian "lv">
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<!ENTITY Lettish "lv">
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<!ENTITY Malagasy "mg">
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<!ENTITY Macedonian "mk">
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<!ENTITY Malayalam "ml">
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<!ENTITY Mongolian "mn">
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<!ENTITY Moldavian "mo">
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<!ENTITY Marathi "mr">
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<!ENTITY Maltese "mt">
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<!ENTITY Burmese "my">
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<!ENTITY Nepali "ne">
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<!ENTITY Norwegian "no">
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<!ENTITY Occitan "oc">
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<!ENTITY Punjabi "pa">
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<!ENTITY Polish "pl">
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<!ENTITY Pushto "ps">
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<!ENTITY Pashto "ps">
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<!ENTITY Portuguese "pt">
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<!ENTITY Quechua "qu">
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<!ENTITY Rhaeto-Romance "rm">
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<!ENTITY Kirundi "rn">
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<!ENTITY Romanian "ro">
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<!ENTITY Russian "ru">
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<!ENTITY Kinyarwanda "rw">
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<!ENTITY Sanskrit "sa">
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<!ENTITY Sindhi "sd">
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<!ENTITY Sangro "sg">
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<!ENTITY Serbo-Croatian "sh">
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<!ENTITY Singhalese "si">
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<!ENTITY Slovak "sk">
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<!ENTITY Slovenian "sl">
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<!ENTITY Samoan "sm">
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<!ENTITY Somali "so">
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<!ENTITY Albanian "sq">
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<!ENTITY Serbian "sr">
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<!ENTITY Siswati "ss">
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<!ENTITY Sesotho "st">
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<!ENTITY Sudanese "su">
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<!ENTITY Swedish "sv">
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<!ENTITY Swahili "sw">
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<!ENTITY Tegulu "te">
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<!ENTITY Tigrinya "ti">
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<!ENTITY Turkmen "tk">
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<!ENTITY Tagalog "tl">
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<!ENTITY Setswana "tn">
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<!ENTITY Turkish "tr">
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<!ENTITY Tsonga "ts">
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<!ENTITY Ukrainian "uk">
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<!ENTITY Vietnamese "vi">
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<!ENTITY Volapuk "vo">
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<!ENTITY Yoruba "yo">
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<!ENTITY Chinese "zh">
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<!ENTITY % cdo-C SYSTEM "../../../libs/cdo-C.ent">
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<!-- COMMON DOC OBJECTS --><!ENTITY copyright SYSTEM "../common/C/copyright.xml">
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<!ENTITY conventions SYSTEM "../common/C/conventions.xml">
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<!ENTITY feedback SYSTEM "../common/C/feedback.xml">
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<!ENTITY publisher SYSTEM "../common/C/publisher.xml">
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<!ENTITY legalnotice SYSTEM "../common/C/legalnotice.xml">
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<!ENTITY disclaimer SYSTEM "../common/C/disclaimer.xml">
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<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon-header SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon-header.xml">
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<!ENTITY relative-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-relative-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY gpl SYSTEM "../common/C/gpl.xml">
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<!ENTITY fdl SYSTEM "../common/C/fdl.xml">
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<!ENTITY cc-by-sa SYSTEM "../common/C/ccbysa.xml">
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<!ENTITY % gnome-menus-C SYSTEM "../../../ubuntu/libs/gnome-menus-C.ent">
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<!-- MENUS --><!-- Please keep entries alphabetical, it makes them much easier to find & use --><!ENTITY about-me SYSTEM "../menus/C/about-me.xml">
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<!ENTITY accessories SYSTEM "../menus/C/accessories.xml">
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<!ENTITY acro-read SYSTEM "../menus/C/acro-read.xml">
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<!ENTITY administration SYSTEM "../menus/C/administration.xml">
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<!ENTITY amule SYSTEM "../menus/C/amule.xml">
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<!ENTITY archive-man SYSTEM "../menus/C/archive-man.xml">
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<!ENTITY assistive-technology-preferences SYSTEM "../menus/C/assistive-technology-preferences.xml">
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<!ENTITY azureus SYSTEM "../menus/C/azureus.xml">
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<!ENTITY blender3d SYSTEM "../menus/C/blender3d.xml">
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<!ENTITY boot SYSTEM "../menus/C/boot.xml">
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<!ENTITY calculator SYSTEM "../menus/C/calculator.xml">
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<!ENTITY character-map SYSTEM "../menus/C/character-map.xml">
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<!ENTITY desktop-background SYSTEM "../menus/C/desktop-background.xml">
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<!ENTITY desktop-preferences SYSTEM "../menus/C/desktop-preferences.xml">
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<!ENTITY device-manager SYSTEM "../menus/C/device-manager.xml">
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<!ENTITY dictionary SYSTEM "../menus/C/dictionary.xml">
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<!ENTITY disks SYSTEM "../menus/C/disks.xml">
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<!ENTITY downloader-x SYSTEM "../menus/C/downloader-x.xml">
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<!ENTITY file-management SYSTEM "../menus/C/file-management.xml">
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<!ENTITY firefox SYSTEM "../menus/C/firefox.xml">
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<!ENTITY firestarter-firewall-tool SYSTEM "../menus/C/firestarter-firewall-tool.xml">
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<!ENTITY font SYSTEM "../menus/C/font.xml">
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<!ENTITY gaim SYSTEM "../menus/C/gaim.xml">
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<!ENTITY games SYSTEM "../menus/C/games.xml">
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<!ENTITY gftp SYSTEM "../menus/C/gftp.xml">
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<!ENTITY gimp SYSTEM "../menus/C/gimp.xml">
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<!ENTITY gnome-app-install SYSTEM "../menus/C/gnomeappinstall.xml">
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<!ENTITY gnome-config-editor SYSTEM "../menus/C/gnome-config-editor.xml">
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<!ENTITY gparted SYSTEM "../menus/C/gparted.xml">
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<!ENTITY graphics SYSTEM "../menus/C/graphics.xml">
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<!ENTITY gthumb SYSTEM "../menus/C/gthumb.xml">
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<!ENTITY home-folder SYSTEM "../menus/C/home-folder.xml">
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<!ENTITY inkscape SYSTEM "../menus/C/inkscape.xml">
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<!ENTITY internet SYSTEM "../menus/C/internet.xml">
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<!ENTITY keyboard SYSTEM "../menus/C/keyboard.xml">
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<!ENTITY keyboard-shortcuts SYSTEM "../menus/C/keyboard-shortcuts.xml">
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<!ENTITY limewire SYSTEM "../menus/C/limewire.xml">
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<!ENTITY login-screen-setup SYSTEM "../menus/C/login-screen-setup.xml">
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<!ENTITY logout SYSTEM "../menus/C/logout.xml">
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<!ENTITY menu-editor SYSTEM "../menus/C/menu-editor.xml">
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<!ENTITY menus-and-toolbars SYSTEM "../menus/C/menus-and-toolbars.xml">
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<!ENTITY mouse SYSTEM "../menus/C/mouse.xml">
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<!ENTITY multimedia-systems-selector SYSTEM "../menus/C/multimedia-systems-selector.xml">
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<!ENTITY network-proxy SYSTEM "../menus/C/network-proxy.xml">
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<!ENTITY networking SYSTEM "../menus/C/networking.xml">
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<!ENTITY nvu SYSTEM "../menus/C/nvu.xml">
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<!ENTITY open-office SYSTEM "../menus/C/open-office.xml">
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<!ENTITY palmos-devices SYSTEM "../menus/C/palmos-devices.xml">
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<!ENTITY preferred-applications SYSTEM "../menus/C/preferred-applications.xml">
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<!ENTITY printing SYSTEM "../menus/C/printing.xml">
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<!ENTITY qtparted SYSTEM "../menus/C/qtparted.xml">
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<!ENTITY remote-desktop SYSTEM "../menus/C/remote-desktop.xml">
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<!ENTITY removable-drives-and-media SYSTEM "../menus/C/removable-drives-and-media.xml">
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<!ENTITY realplayer SYSTEM "../menus/C/realplayer.xml">
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<!ENTITY rhythmbox SYSTEM "../menus/C/rhythmbox.xml">
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<!ENTITY route-planner SYSTEM "../menus/C/route-planner.xml">
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<!ENTITY screen-resolution SYSTEM "../menus/C/screen-resolution.xml">
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<!ENTITY screensaver SYSTEM "../menus/C/screensaver.xml">
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<!ENTITY scribus SYSTEM "../menus/C/scribus.xml">
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<!ENTITY services SYSTEM "../menus/C/services.xml">
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<!ENTITY sessions SYSTEM "../menus/C/sessions.xml">
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<!ENTITY shared-folders SYSTEM "../menus/C/shared-folders.xml">
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<!ENTITY skype SYSTEM "../menus/C/skype.xml">
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<!ENTITY software-properties SYSTEM "../menus/C/software-properties.xml">
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<!ENTITY sound SYSTEM "../menus/C/sound.xml">
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<!ENTITY soundandvideo SYSTEM "../menus/C/soundandvideo.xml">
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<!ENTITY synaptic SYSTEM "../menus/C/synaptic.xml">
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<!ENTITY systemtools SYSTEM "../menus/C/systemtools.xml">
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<!ENTITY terminal SYSTEM "../menus/C/terminal.xml">
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<!ENTITY text-editor SYSTEM "../menus/C/text-editor.xml">
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<!ENTITY theme SYSTEM "../menus/C/theme.xml">
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<!ENTITY time-date SYSTEM "../menus/C/time-date.xml">
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<!ENTITY totem SYSTEM "../menus/C/totem.xml">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-update-manager SYSTEM "../menus/C/ubuntu-update-manager.xml">
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<!ENTITY users SYSTEM "../menus/C/users.xml">
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<!ENTITY users-groups SYSTEM "../menus/C/users-groups.xml">
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<!ENTITY windows SYSTEM "../menus/C/windows.xml">
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<!ENTITY xchat-gnome SYSTEM "../menus/C/xchat-gnome.xml">
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<!ENTITY xine SYSTEM "../menus/C/xine.xml">
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<!ENTITY xmms SYSTEM "../menus/C/xmms.xml">
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<!ENTITY % xinclude SYSTEM "../../../libs/xinclude.mod">
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<!ELEMENT xi:include (xi:fallback)?>
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<!ATTLIST xi:include xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<!ATTLIST xi:include href CDATA #REQUIRED>
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<!ATTLIST xi:include parse (xml | text) "xml">
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<!ATTLIST xi:include xpointer CDATA #IMPLIED>
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<!ATTLIST xi:include encoding CDATA #IMPLIED>
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<!ATTLIST xi:include accept CDATA #IMPLIED>
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<!ATTLIST xi:include accept-charset CDATA #IMPLIED>
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<!ATTLIST xi:include accept-language CDATA #IMPLIED>
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<!ELEMENT xi:fallback ANY>
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<!ATTLIST xi:fallback xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<!ENTITY % local.preface.class "| xi:include">
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<!ENTITY % local.part.class "| xi:include">
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<!ENTITY % local.chapter.class "| xi:include">
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<!ENTITY % local.divcomponent.mix "| xi:include">
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<!ENTITY % local.para.char.mix "| xi:include">
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<!ENTITY % local.info.class "| xi:include">
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<!ENTITY % local.common.attrib "xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude'">
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<!ENTITY language "en">
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<chapter id="gs-chap" status="complete">
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<title>Первые шаги</title>
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<sect1 id="gs-tools" status="complete">
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<title>Инструменты для работы с пакетами</title>
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<para>Существует большое количество программ, написанных специально для работы с пакетами в основанных на Debian системах. Многие из них не <emphasis>необходимы</emphasis> для создания пакетов, но очень полезны и зачастую автоматизируют повторяющиеся задания. Их страницы <application>man</application> и <application>info</application> хороший источник информации. Однако, следующий список пакетов, который выделен затенением, необходим для работы с пакетами:</para>
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<term><application>build-essential</application></term>
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<listitem><para>это метапакет, который зависит от <application>libc6-dev</application>, <application>gcc</application>, <application>g++</application>, <application>make</application>, и <application>dpkg-dev</application>. Одним из пакетов, с которым вы возможно не знакомы является <application>dpkg-dev</application>. Он содержит инструменты такие, как <application>dpkg-buildpackage</application> и <application>dpkg-source</application>, которые используются для создания, распаковки и сборки исходников и бинарных пакетов.</para></listitem>
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<term><application>devscripts</application></term>
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<listitem><para>содержит много скриптов, которые делают работу по поддержке пакетов намного легче. Некоторые из наиболее часто используемых - это <application>debdiff</application>, <application>dch</application>, <application>debuild</application>, и <application>debsign</application>.</para></listitem>
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<varlistentry><term><application>debhelper</application> и <application>dh-make</application></term>
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<listitem><para>скрипты, которые автоматизируют обычные задачи работы с пакетами. <application>dh-make</application> может использоваться для начальной "дебианизации" и содержит много файлов примеров.</para></listitem>
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<varlistentry><term><application>diff</application> и <application>patch</application></term> <listitem><para>are used to create
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and apply patches, respectively. They are used extensively in packaging
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because it is easier, cleaner, and more efficient to represent
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small changes as patches rather than to have multiple copies of a
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file.</para></listitem> </varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><application>gnupg</application></term>
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<listitem><para>это полная и свободная замена PGP, используемая для цифровой подписи файлов (в том числе и пакетов)</para></listitem>
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<varlistentry><term><application>fakeroot</application></term>
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<listitem><para>моделирует запуск команды с администраторскими привелегиями. Полезна при создании бинарных пакетов, работая с правами обычного пользователя.</para></listitem>
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<varlistentry><term><application>lintian</application> и <application>linda</application></term>
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<listitem><para>разбирают пакеты Debian и сообщают о багах и нарушениях Policy. Они содержат автоматизированные проверки многих аспектов политики Debian Policy и распространненых ошибок.</para></listitem>
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<varlistentry><term><application>pbuilder</application></term>
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<listitem><para>создает окружение chroot и собирает пакет внутри этого окружения. Это идеальная система чтобы проверять, что зависимости пакета верны, и чтобы собирать чистые пакеты для тестов и распространения.</para></listitem> </varlistentry>
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<sect1 id="gs-bin_source" status="complete">
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<title>Бинарные пакеты и пакеты исходных кодов</title>
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<para>Большинство пользователей дистрибутивов, основанных на Debian, вроде <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>, никогда не будут иметь дела с реальными исходными кодами, используемыми для создания всех приложений на их компьютерах. Вместо этого, исходные коды компилируются в <emphasis>бинарные (binary)</emphasis> пакеты из пакетов <emphasis>исходных кодов (source)</emphasis>, котрые собственно содержат как исходный код программы, так и правила для создания бинарных пакетов. Сборщики пакетов загружают пакеты исходных кодов вместе с внесенными ими изменениями на системы сборки, которые затем компилируют бинарные пакеты для каждой архитектуры. Отдельная система занимается распространением сгенерированных бинарных .deb файлов и изменений исходных кодов по зеркалам репозиториев.</para>
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<sect1 id="gs-pbuilder" status="complete" xreflabel="pbuilder">
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<title>Персональный сборщик: pbuilder</title>
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<para>Using pbuilder as a package builder allows you to build the package from
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within a chroot environment. You can build binary packages without using
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<application>pbuilder</application>, but you must have all the build
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dependencies installed on your system first. However, pbuilder allows the
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packager to check the build dependencies because the package is built within a
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minimal <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> installation, and the build dependencies are downloaded
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according to the <filename>debian/control</filename> file.</para>
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<para>The following is a brief guide to installing, using, and
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updating a pbuilder environment, however, there are many details
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of <application>pbuilder</application> usage that are outside the
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realm of this guide. The <application>pbuilder</application> man
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page has lots of information and should be consulted if you
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have problems or need more detailed information.</para>
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<title>Установка и конфигурация окружения pbuilder</title>
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<para>Первая и наиболее очевидная вещь которую необходимо сделать - установить <application>pbuilder</application>. Если вы желаете создать <application>pbuilder</application> более нового релиза, чем тот который у вас установлен, вам понадобится вручную установить <application>debootstrap</application> .deb (на <ulink url="http://packages.ubuntu.com">packages.ubuntu.com</ulink>) из нового релиза. Чтобы создать pbuilder выполните:</para>
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sudo pbuilder create --distribution <distro> \
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--othermirror "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu <distro> universe multiverse"
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<para>where <distro> is the release you want
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(<emphasis>edgy</emphasis> for instance) to create the pbuilder
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for. If you would like to create more than one
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<application>pbuilder</application> environment you can append the
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<emphasis>--basetgz</emphasis> flag with the desired location for
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the compressed <application>pbuilder</application> environment.
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The default is <filename>/var/cache/pbuilder/base.tgz</filename>.
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If you do choose to use <emphasis>--basetgz</emphasis> you will
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need to use it with the other <application>pbuilder</application>
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commands so <application>pbuilder</application> knows which
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compressed build environment to use.</para>
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<note><para>Creating a pbuilder environment will take some time as
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<application>debootstrap</application> essentially downloads a minimal
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<phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> installation.</para></note>
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<title>Использование pbuilder</title>
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<para>Now that you have a running pbuilder you can build binary packages from
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the source package by invoking:</para>
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<screen>sudo pbuilder build *.dsc</screen>
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<para>This will build all the source packages in the current directory. The
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resulting .debs and source packages can be found in
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<filename>/var/cache/pbuilder/result/</filename> (which can be
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changed with the <emphasis>--buildresult</emphasis> flag).</para>
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<title>Обновление pbuilder</title>
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<para>Для обеспечения правильного нахождения зависимостей, у вас всегда должна быть текущая версия pbuilder всякий раз когда вы тестируете ваши пакеты с исходными кодами, особенно если вы создаете часто изменяемый релиз для разработки.</para>
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<screen>sudo pbuilder update</screen>
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<para>Если вы хотите обновить ваш pbuilder, вы можете использовать <application>pbuilder update</application> в комбинации с флагом <emphasis>--distribution</emphasis>:</para>
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<screen>sudo pbuilder update --distribution <newdistro> --override-config</screen>