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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.3//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.3/docbookx.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY % globalent SYSTEM "../../../libs/global.ent">
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<!-- NAMES --><!ENTITY canonical-name "Canonical Ltd.">
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<!ENTITY project-name "Ubuntu Documentation Project">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu "<phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>">
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<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY distro-version "Dapper Drake">
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<!ENTITY distro-rev "6.06 LTS">
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<!ENTITY distro-release-date "June 2006">
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<!ENTITY linux-kernel-version "2.6.15">
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<!ENTITY gcc-version "4.0.3">
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<!ENTITY glibc-version "2.3.6">
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<!ENTITY python-version "2.4.3">
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<!-- AUTHORS --><!ENTITY author-ubuntu-documentation-project SYSTEM "../common/authors/ubuntu-documentation-project.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-christoph-haas SYSTEM "../common/authors/christoph-haas.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-alexander-poslavsky SYSTEM "../common/authors/alexander-poslavsky.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-alan-hood SYSTEM "../common/authors/alan-hood.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-johnathon-hornbeck SYSTEM "../common/authors/johnathon-hornbeck.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-nick-loeve SYSTEM "../common/authors/nick-loeve.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-gordon-ingram SYSTEM "../common/authors/gordon-ingram.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-sean-wheller SYSTEM "../common/authors/sean-wheller.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-enrico-zini SYSTEM "../common/authors/enrico-zini.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-kevin-muligan SYSTEM "../common/authors/kevin-muligan.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-ari-torhamo SYSTEM "../common/authors/ari-torhamo.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-jeff-schering SYSTEM "../common/authors/jeff-schering.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-corey-burger SYSTEM "../common/authors/corey-burger.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-niel-tallim SYSTEM "../common/authors/niel-tallim.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-henry-meyerding SYSTEM "../common/authors/henry-meyerding.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-matthew-east SYSTEM "../common/authors/matthew-east.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-jerome-gotangco SYSTEM "../common/authors/jerome-gotangco.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-johnathan-jesse SYSTEM "../common/authors/johnathan-jesse.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-greg-taylor SYSTEM "../common/authors/greg-taylor.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-troy-williams SYSTEM "../common/authors/troy-williams.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-matt-galvin SYSTEM "../common/authors/matt-galvin.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-robert-stoffers SYSTEM "../common/authors/robert-stoffers.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-jordan-mantha SYSTEM "../common/authors/jordan-mantha.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-venkat-raghavan SYSTEM "../common/authors/venkat-raghavan.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-brian-burger SYSTEM "../common/authors/brian-burger.xml">
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<!ENTITY author-rocco-stanzione SYSTEM "../common/authors/rocco-stanzione.xml">
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<!ENTITY glossary SYSTEM "../common/C/glossary.xml">
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<!-- LEGAL URLs --><!ENTITY gpl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc "http://creativecommons.org/">
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<!ENTITY cc-attrib '<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc-fulldeed-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode/">
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<!ENTITY fdl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc-disclaimer-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/disclaimer-popup?lang=en">
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<!-- CANONICAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY canonical-url "http://www.canonical.com">
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<!-- UBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY ubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-dpkgfile "ubuntu5.10.tar">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-web "http://www.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-main "http://www.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-download "http://www.ubuntu.com/download">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-forums "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-components "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-wiki "http://wiki.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel #ubuntu">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-bugzilla "https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+bugs">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-bugs "https://launchpad.net/products/ubuntu-doc/+bugs">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-paidsupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/supportoptions/paidsupport">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-freesupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/supportoptions/freesupport">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-comments "http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=21787">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation "http://help.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation-repos "https://docteam.ubuntu.com/repos/trunk">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-team "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-list "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-doc">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-shipit "http://shipit.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-launchpad "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-rosetta "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com/rosetta">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-planet "http://planet.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-philosophy "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-participate "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/">
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<!-- UBUNTU WIKI RESOURCES --><!ENTITY wiki-UserDocumentation "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UserDocumentation">
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<!ENTITY restricted-formats "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats">
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<!ENTITY wiki-RestrictedFormats "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats">
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<!ENTITY wiki-XChatHowto "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/XChatHowto">
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<!ENTITY wiki-RootSudo "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo">
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<!ENTITY wiki-HowToGetHelp "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HowToGetHelp">
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<!ENTITY transcode "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DVDRippingandEncoding">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Wine "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Wine">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Cedega "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Cedega">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Nano "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/NanoHowto">
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<!ENTITY wiki-locoteams "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeamList">
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<!ENTITY wiki-BasicCommands "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BasicCommands">
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<!ENTITY wiki-filepermissions "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FilePermissions">
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<!-- KUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY kubuntu-web "http://www.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-main "http://www.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-download "http://releases.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com/breezy/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-cdpackages-nodefault "http://people.ubuntu.com/~cjwatson/seeds/kubuntu-breezy/ship">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-users/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-users "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-users/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-devel "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-devel/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-mirrors "http://distrowatch.com/kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums "http://ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=68">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums2 "http://kubuntuforums.net">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki "http://www.ubuntu.com/wiki/Kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-documentation-site "http://www.kubuntu.org/documentation.php">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki-UserDocumentation "https://wiki.kubuntu.com/UserDocumentation">
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<!-- XUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY xubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel xubuntu">
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<!-- DEBIAN RESOURCES --><!ENTITY debian-apt "http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">
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<!-- EXTERNAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY linmodem "http://www.linmodems.org/">
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<!ENTITY gnome "http://www.gnome.org/">
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<!ENTITY linuxorg "http://www.linux.org/">
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<!ENTITY ooo "http://www.openoffice.org/">
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<!ENTITY kde "http://www.kde.org/">
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<!ENTITY lugww "http://lugww.counter.li.org/">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-watch "http://distrowatch.com/ubuntu/">
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<!ENTITY realplayer-download "http://www.real.com/linux/">
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<!ENTITY nvu-download "http://www.nvu.com/download.html">
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<!ENTITY sunjava-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
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<!ENTITY xorg "http://www.x.org">
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<!ENTITY dyndns "http://www.dyndns.org">
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<!ENTITY shoutcast "http://www.shoutcast.com/">
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<!ENTITY freedomtoaster "http://www.freedomtoaster.org/">
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<!-- ubuntu-screenshots TODO --><!ENTITY kubuntu-screenshots "http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=306&slide=1">
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<!ENTITY mozilla "http://www.mozilla.org/">
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<!ENTITY mozilla-firefox "http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/">
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<!ENTITY gnu "http://www.gnu.org/">
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<!ENTITY gnu-philosophy "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/">
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<!ENTITY win4lin "http://www.win4lin.com">
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<!ENTITY codeweavers "http://www.codeweavers.com">
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<!ENTITY kernel "http://www.kernel.org">
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<!ENTITY google "http://www.google.com">
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<!ENTITY kdelook " http://www.kde-look.org">
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<!ENTITY lulu-store "http://www.lulu.com/ubuntu-doc">
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<!-- this entity controls the url for addons--><!ENTITY java-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
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<!ENTITY skype-deb "skype_1.2.0.17-1_i386.deb">
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<!ENTITY skype-download "http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb">
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<!ENTITY scanmodem-gz "scanModem.gz">
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<!ENTITY scanmodem-url "http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/packages/scanModem.gz">
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<!ENTITY ext2fs-url "http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html">
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<!ENTITY mvb-tar "mvb_1.6.tgz">
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<!ENTITY mvb-url "http://www.xscd.com/pub/mvb/&mvb-tar;">
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<!-- TLDP --><!ENTITY ldp-pre-install-check "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Pre-Installation-Checklist/">
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<!-- LANGUAGES (sorted by two letter code)--><!ENTITY Afar "aa">
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<!ENTITY Abkhazian "ab">
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<!ENTITY Afrikaans "af">
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<!ENTITY Amharic "af">
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<!ENTITY Arabic "ar">
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<!ENTITY Assamese "as">
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<!ENTITY Aymara "ay">
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<!ENTITY Azerbaijani "az">
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<!ENTITY Bashkir "ba">
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<!ENTITY Byelorussian "be">
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<!ENTITY Bulgarian "bg">
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<!ENTITY Bihari "bh">
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<!ENTITY Bislama "bi">
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<!ENTITY Bangla "bn">
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<!ENTITY Bengali "bn">
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<!ENTITY Tibetan "bo">
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<!ENTITY Breton "br">
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<!ENTITY Catalan "ca">
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<!ENTITY Corsican "co">
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<!ENTITY Danish "da">
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<!ENTITY German "de">
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<!ENTITY Bhutani "dz">
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<!-- <!ENTITY EnglishAmerican 'en'> --><!ENTITY EnglishAmerican "C">
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<!ENTITY Esperanto "eo">
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<!ENTITY Spanish "es">
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<!ENTITY Estonian "et">
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<!ENTITY Basque "eu">
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<!ENTITY Persian "fa">
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<!ENTITY Finnish "fi">
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<!ENTITY Faeroese "fo">
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<!ENTITY French "fr">
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<!ENTITY Frisian "fy">
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<!ENTITY Gaelic "gd">
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<!ENTITY ScotsGaelic "gd">
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<!ENTITY Galician "gl">
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<!ENTITY Guarani "gn">
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<!ENTITY Gujarati "gu">
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<!ENTITY Croatian "hr">
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<!ENTITY Hungarian "hu">
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<!ENTITY Armenian "hy">
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<!ENTITY Interlingua "ia">
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<!ENTITY Interlingue "ie">
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<!ENTITY Inupiak "ik">
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<!ENTITY Indonesian "in">
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<!ENTITY Icelandic "is">
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<!ENTITY Italian "it">
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<!ENTITY Hebrew "iw">
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<!ENTITY Japanese "ja">
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<!ENTITY Yiddish "ji">
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<!ENTITY Javanese "jw">
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<!ENTITY Georgian "ka">
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<!ENTITY Kazakh "kk">
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<!ENTITY Greenlandic "kl">
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<!ENTITY Cambodian "km">
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<!ENTITY Kannada "kn">
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<!ENTITY Korean "ko">
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<!ENTITY Kashmiri "ks">
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<!ENTITY Kurdish "ku">
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<!ENTITY Kirghiz "ky">
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<!ENTITY Lingala "ln">
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<!ENTITY Laothian "lo">
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<!ENTITY Lithuanian "lt">
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<!ENTITY Latvian "lv">
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<!ENTITY Lettish "lv">
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<!ENTITY Malagasy "mg">
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<!ENTITY Macedonian "mk">
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<!ENTITY Malayalam "ml">
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<!ENTITY Mongolian "mn">
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<!ENTITY Moldavian "mo">
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<!ENTITY Marathi "mr">
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<!ENTITY Maltese "mt">
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<!ENTITY Burmese "my">
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<!ENTITY Nepali "ne">
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<!ENTITY Norwegian "no">
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<!ENTITY Occitan "oc">
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<!ENTITY Punjabi "pa">
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<!ENTITY Polish "pl">
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<!ENTITY Pushto "ps">
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<!ENTITY Pashto "ps">
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<!ENTITY Portuguese "pt">
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<!ENTITY Quechua "qu">
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<!ENTITY Rhaeto-Romance "rm">
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<!ENTITY Kirundi "rn">
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<!ENTITY Romanian "ro">
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<!ENTITY Russian "ru">
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<!ENTITY Kinyarwanda "rw">
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<!ENTITY Sanskrit "sa">
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<!ENTITY Sindhi "sd">
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<!ENTITY Sangro "sg">
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<!ENTITY Serbo-Croatian "sh">
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<!ENTITY Singhalese "si">
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<!ENTITY Slovak "sk">
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<!ENTITY Slovenian "sl">
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<!ENTITY Samoan "sm">
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<!ENTITY Somali "so">
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<!ENTITY Albanian "sq">
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<!ENTITY Serbian "sr">
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<!ENTITY Siswati "ss">
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<!ENTITY Sesotho "st">
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<!ENTITY Sudanese "su">
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<!ENTITY Swedish "sv">
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<!ENTITY Swahili "sw">
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<!ENTITY Tegulu "te">
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<!ENTITY Tigrinya "ti">
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<!ENTITY Turkmen "tk">
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<!ENTITY Tagalog "tl">
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<!ENTITY Setswana "tn">
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<!ENTITY Turkish "tr">
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<!ENTITY Tsonga "ts">
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<!ENTITY Ukrainian "uk">
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<!ENTITY Vietnamese "vi">
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<!ENTITY Volapuk "vo">
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<!ENTITY Yoruba "yo">
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<!ENTITY Chinese "zh">
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<!ENTITY % cdo-C SYSTEM "../../../libs/cdo-C.ent">
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<!-- COMMON DOC OBJECTS --><!ENTITY copyright SYSTEM "../common/C/copyright.xml">
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<!ENTITY conventions SYSTEM "../common/C/conventions.xml">
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<!ENTITY feedback SYSTEM "../common/C/feedback.xml">
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<!ENTITY publisher SYSTEM "../common/C/publisher.xml">
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<!ENTITY legalnotice SYSTEM "../common/C/legalnotice.xml">
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<!ENTITY disclaimer SYSTEM "../common/C/disclaimer.xml">
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<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon-header SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon-header.xml">
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<!ENTITY relative-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-relative-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY gpl SYSTEM "../common/C/gpl.xml">
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<!ENTITY fdl SYSTEM "../common/C/fdl.xml">
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<!ENTITY cc-by-sa SYSTEM "../common/C/ccbysa.xml">
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<!ENTITY % kde SYSTEM "../../libs/kde.ent">
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<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY kuserguide-rev "Dapper Drake">
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<!ENTITY kquickguide-rev "Dapper Drake">
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<!ENTITY kadminguide-rev "Dapper Drake">
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<!ENTITY kde-version "3.5.2">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-support "http://kubuntu.org/support.php">
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<!ENTITY adept "Adept">
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<!ENTITY appshort "<application>Adept</application>">
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<!ENTITY different-user "kdesu">
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<!ENTITY % kde-general SYSTEM "/usr/share/apps/ksgmltools2/customization/obsolete/general.entities">
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KDE general entities for DocBook as used in the KDE documentation
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Copyright (C) 2002 Frederik Fouvry
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This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
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modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
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as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
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of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
314
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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GNU General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
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Send suggestions, comments, etc. to the KDE docbook list
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<kde-docbook@kde.org>.
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Refer to this file as
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"-//KDE//ENTITIES DocBook XML General Entity Declarations V1.1//EN"
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This file contains what dbgenent.mod should contain and is read
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after all other files just like dbgenent.mod should be.
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--><!-- ============================================================= --><!-- Extensions to the DocBook DTD --><!-- ============================================================= --><!-- E.g. KDE specific entities (see also dbgenent.mod for this) --><!-- Legal texts we put in a specific place
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so that we don't need to cut'n'paste them to every doc
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--><!ENTITY GPL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License V2 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" NDATA SGML>
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<!ENTITY GPL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License V2//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" NDATA linespecific>
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<!ENTITY GPLNotice PUBLIC "-//KDE//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License Notice//EN" "../en/entities/gpl-notice.docbook">
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<!-- meant for inclusion, so no [CN]DATA SGML (why?) --><!ENTITY LGPL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License V2.1 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html" NDATA SGML>
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<!ENTITY LGPL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License V2.1//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html" NDATA linespecific>
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<!ENTITY LGPLNotice PUBLIC "-//KDE//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License Notice//EN" "../en/entities/lgpl-notice.docbook">
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<!-- meant for inclusion, so no [CN]DATA SGML --><!ENTITY FDL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Free Documentation License V1.1 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" NDATA SGML>
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<!ENTITY FDL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Free Documentation License V1.1//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" NDATA linespecific>
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<!-- FDLNotice is defined in lang.entities (why?) --><!-- KDE index generation
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Set addindex to IGNORE to stop index generation
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Indices are generated on the fly, so no intermediate file is needed
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--><!ENTITY % addindex "INCLUDE">
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<!ENTITY documentation.index "<index></index>">
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<!--ENTITY kapp "(Oops - someone forgot to fill in the application name here)" --><!-- Entities to fill in slots in docbook version of FDL notice --><!ENTITY % FDLIS "IGNORE">
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<!ENTITY % FDLFCT "IGNORE">
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<!ENTITY % FDLBCT "IGNORE">
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<!-- These are the language-independent entities. They can be (more
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or less) freely extended. Keep this list sorted and sensible.
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Make sure you always add full markup to the text.
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Naming policy: name the entity like you would see the text
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(inclusive case). KDE entities are always lowercased. Spaces
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are omitted. Examples: Qt (for "Qt"), RedHat (for "Red Hat"),
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kfloppy (for "KFloppy") . (Entity names cannot start with digits,
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in that case, use the written form for the first digit.)
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DO NOT JUST RENAME ENTITIES! That implies removal of an existing
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entity and that may change the validity of documents, which must
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not happen. Place the name you wish to remove in the list of
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obsolete entities (depending on the case, the expansion is
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redefined or kept as it was); the new name goes in the official list.
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A later version of the DTD (with another version number!) will
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effectively remove these entities. In that way, old documents
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remain valid, while new ones can only use the new declarations.
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--><!ENTITY AIX "<trademark class='registered'>AIX</trademark>">
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<!ENTITY aktion "<application>aKtion</application>">
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<!ENTITY amor "<application>AMOR</application>">
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<!ENTITY ark "<application>Ark</application>">
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<!ENTITY arts "<application>aRts</application>">
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<!ENTITY arts-builder "<application>aRts-builder</application>">
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<!ENTITY artscontrol "<application>artscontrol</application>">
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<!ENTITY artsd "<application>artsd</application>">
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<!ENTITY artsdsp "<application>artsdsp</application>">
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<!ENTITY artsserver "<application>artsserver</application>">
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<!ENTITY artsshell "<application>artsshell</application>">
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<!ENTITY artswrapper "<application>artswrapper</application>">
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<!ENTITY ATAPI "<acronym>ATAPI</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY atlantik "<application>Atlantik</application>">
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<!ENTITY brahms "<application>Brahms</application>">
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<!ENTITY catalogmanager "<application>Catalog Manager</application>">
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<!ENTITY CD "<acronym>CD</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY CDE "<acronym>CDE</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY CD-ROM "<acronym>CD-ROM</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY cervisia "<application>Cervisia</application>">
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<!ENTITY CSS "<trademark>CSS</trademark>">
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<!ENTITY CUPS "<acronym>CUPS</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY drkonqi "<application>DrKonqi</application>">
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<!ENTITY DCOP "<acronym>DCOP</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY DVI "<acronym>DVI</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY ELF "<acronym>ELF</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY Emacs "<application>Emacs</application>">
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<!ENTITY flashkard "<application>FlashKard</application>">
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<!ENTITY FTP "<acronym>FTP</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY gcc "<command>gcc</command>">
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<!ENTITY GIF "<acronym>GIF</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY GMT "<acronym>GMT</acronym>">
402
<!ENTITY GNU "<acronym>GNU</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY GUI "<acronym>GUI</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY Handspring "<trademark>Handspring</trademark>">
405
<!ENTITY Hewlett-Packard '<trademark class="registered">Hewlett-Packard</trademark>'>
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<!ENTITY HotSync '<trademark class="registered">HotSync</trademark>'>
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<!ENTITY HP '<trademark class="registered">HP</trademark>'>
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<!ENTITY HP-UX '<trademark class="registered">HP-UX</trademark>'>
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<!ENTITY HTTP "<acronym>HTTP</acronym>">
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<!ENTITY IRIX '<trademark class="registered">IRIX</trademark>'>
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<!ENTITY Java "<trademark>Java</trademark>">
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<!ENTITY Jini "<trademark>Jini</trademark>">
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<!ENTITY kab2 "<application>Kab2</application>">
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<!ENTITY kenolaba "<application>Kenolaba</application>">
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<!ENTITY kaboodle "<application>Kaboodle</application>">
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<!ENTITY kaddressbook "<application>KAddressBook</application>">
417
<!ENTITY kalarm "<application>KAlarm</application>">
418
<!ENTITY kalarmd "<application>KAlarmd</application>">
419
<!ENTITY kalzium "<application>Kalzium</application>">
420
<!ENTITY kamera "<application>Kamera</application>">
421
<!ENTITY kandy "<application>Kandy</application>">
422
<!ENTITY kappfinder "<application>Kappfinder</application>">
423
<!ENTITY kaphorism "<application>KAphorism</application>">
424
<!ENTITY karm "<application>KArm</application>">
425
<!ENTITY kasteroids "<application>KAsteroids</application>">
426
<!ENTITY kate "<application>Kate</application>">
427
<!ENTITY katomic "<application>KAtomic</application>">
428
<!ENTITY kbabel "<application>KBabel</application>">
429
<!ENTITY kbabeldict "<application>KBabelDict</application>">
430
<!ENTITY kbackgammon "<application>KBackgammon</application>">
431
<!ENTITY kbattleship "<application>KBattleship</application>">
432
<!ENTITY kbiff "<application>KBiff</application>">
433
<!ENTITY kblackbox "<application>KBlackbox</application>">
434
<!ENTITY kbounce "<application>KBounce</application>">
435
<!ENTITY kbugbuster "<application>kbugbuster</application>">
436
<!ENTITY kcalc "<application>KCalc</application>">
437
<!ENTITY kcharselect "<application>KCharSelect</application>">
438
<!ENTITY kchart "<application>KChart</application>">
439
<!ENTITY kchat "<application>KChat</application>">
440
<!ENTITY kcontrol "<application>KControl</application>">
441
<!ENTITY kcron "<application>KCron</application>">
442
<!ENTITY kdat "<application>KDat</application>">
443
<!ENTITY kdebugdialog "<application>KDebugDialog</application>">
444
<!ENTITY kde-http '<ulink url="http://www.kde.org/">http://www.kde.org/</ulink>'>
445
<!ENTITY kde-ftp '<ulink url="ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/">ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/</ulink>'>
446
<!ENTITY kdepasswd "<application>kdepasswd</application>">
447
<!ENTITY kdesktop "<application>KDesktop</application>">
448
<!ENTITY kdessh "<application>kdessh</application>">
449
<!ENTITY kdesu "<application>KDE su</application>">
450
<!ENTITY kdiskfree "<application>KDiskFree</application>">
451
<!ENTITY kdict "<application>KDict</application>">
452
<!ENTITY kdm "<application>kdm</application>">
453
<!ENTITY kdvi "<application>KDVI</application>">
454
<!ENTITY kedit "<application>KEdit</application>">
455
<!ENTITY keduca "<application>KEduca</application>">
456
<!ENTITY keystone "<application>Keystone</application>">
457
<!ENTITY kfax "<application>KFax</application>">
458
<!ENTITY kfaxview "<application>Kfaxview</application>">
459
<!ENTITY kfind "<application>KFind</application>">
460
<!ENTITY kfloppy "<application>Kfloppy</application>">
461
<!ENTITY kformula "<application>KFormula</application>">
462
<!ENTITY kfouleggs "<application>KFoulEggs</application>">
463
<!ENTITY kfract "<application>KFract</application>">
464
<!ENTITY khangman "<application>KHangMan</application>">
465
<!ENTITY kgeo "<application>KGeo</application>">
466
<!ENTITY kghostview "<application>KGhostView</application>">
467
<!ENTITY khelpcenter "<application>KHelpCenter</application>">
468
<!ENTITY khexedit "<application>KHexEdit</application>">
469
<!ENTITY kicker "<application>Kicker</application>">
470
<!ENTITY kiconedit "<application>KIconEdit</application>">
471
<!ENTITY kikbd "<application>kikbd</application>">
472
<!ENTITY kit "<application>Kit</application>">
473
<!ENTITY kiten "<application>Kiten</application>">
474
<!ENTITY kivio "<application>Kivio</application>">
475
<!ENTITY kjots "<application>KJots</application>">
476
<!ENTITY kjumpingcube "<application>KJumpingCube</application>">
477
<!ENTITY klaptop "<application>KLaptop</application>">
478
<!ENTITY klatin "<application>KLatin</application>">
479
<!ENTITY klettres "<application>KLettres</application>">
480
<!ENTITY kolorlines "<application>Kolor Lines</application>">
481
<!ENTITY klipper "<application>Klipper</application>">
482
<!ENTITY kljettool "<application>KLjettool</application>">
483
<!ENTITY klpq "<application>Klpq</application>">
484
<!ENTITY klprfax "<application>Klprfax</application>">
485
<!ENTITY kmahjongg "<application>KMahjongg</application>">
486
<!ENTITY kmail "<application>KMail</application>">
487
<!ENTITY kmathtool "<application>KMathTool</application>">
488
<!ENTITY kmenuedit "<application>kmenuedit</application>">
489
<!ENTITY kmessedwords "<application>KMessedWords</application>">
490
<!ENTITY kmid "<application>KMid</application>">
491
<!ENTITY kmidi "<application>KMidi</application>">
492
<!ENTITY kmines "<application>KMines</application>">
493
<!ENTITY kmix "<application>KMix</application>">
494
<!ENTITY kmplot "<application>KmPlot</application>">
495
<!ENTITY knewsticker "<application>KNewsTicker</application>">
496
<!ENTITY knode "<application>KNode</application>">
497
<!ENTITY knotes "<application>KNotes</application>">
498
<!ENTITY knorskverbs "<application>KNorskVerbs</application>">
499
<!ENTITY kodometer "<application>KOdometer</application>">
500
<!ENTITY koffice "<application>KOffice</application>">
501
<!ENTITY kolf "<application>Kolf</application>">
502
<!ENTITY kompare "<application>Kompare</application>">
503
<!ENTITY koncd "<application>KOnCD</application>">
504
<!ENTITY konqueror "<application>Konqueror</application>">
505
<!ENTITY konquest "<application>Konquest</application>">
506
<!ENTITY konsole "<application>Konsole</application>">
507
<!ENTITY kontour "<application>Kontour</application>">
508
<!ENTITY kooka "<application>Kooka</application>">
509
<!ENTITY korganizer "<application>KOrganizer</application>">
510
<!ENTITY korn "<application>KOrn</application>">
511
<!ENTITY koshell "<application>KOShell</application>">
512
<!ENTITY kotalkd "<application>KOTalkd</application>">
513
<!ENTITY kpackage "<application>KPackage</application>">
514
<!ENTITY kpager "<application>KPager</application>">
515
<!ENTITY kpaint "<application>KPaint</application>">
516
<!ENTITY kpanel "<application>KPanel</application>">
517
<!ENTITY kpatience "<application>KPatience</application>">
518
<!ENTITY kpercentage "<application>KPercentage</application>">
519
<!ENTITY kpilot "<application>KPilot</application>">
520
<!ENTITY kpf "<application>kpf</application>">
521
<!ENTITY kpm "<application>Kpm</application>">
522
<!ENTITY kpresenter "<application>KPresenter</application>">
523
<!ENTITY kpoker "<application>KPoker</application>">
524
<!ENTITY kpovmodeler "<application>KPovModeler</application>">
525
<!ENTITY kppp "<application>KPPP</application>">
526
<!ENTITY kreatecd "<application>KreateCD</application>">
527
<!ENTITY krec "<application>KRec</application>">
528
<!ENTITY kregexpeditor "<application>KRegExpEditor</application>">
529
<!ENTITY kreversi "<application>KReversi</application>">
530
<!ENTITY krita "<application>Krita</application>">
531
<!ENTITY kruler "<application>KRuler</application>">
532
<!ENTITY ksame "<application>KSame</application>">
533
<!ENTITY kscd "<application>KsCD</application>">
534
<!ENTITY kscore "<application>KScore</application>">
535
<!ENTITY kscreensaver "<application>KScreensaver</application>">
536
<!ENTITY ksgmltools "<application>ksgmltools</application>">
537
<!ENTITY kshisen "<application>KShisen</application>">
538
<!ENTITY ksim "<application>KSim</application>">
539
<!ENTITY ksirc "<application>KSirc</application>">
540
<!ENTITY ksirtet "<application>KSirtet</application>">
541
<!ENTITY ksmiletris "<application>KSmiletris</application>">
542
<!ENTITY ksnake "<application>KSnake</application>">
543
<!ENTITY ksnapshot "<application>KSnapshot</application>">
544
<!ENTITY ksokoban "<application>KSokoban</application>">
545
<!ENTITY kspaceduel "<application>KSpaceDuel</application>">
546
<!ENTITY kspell "<application>KSpell</application>">
547
<!ENTITY kspread "<application>KSpread</application>">
548
<!ENTITY kstars "<application>KStars</application>">
549
<!ENTITY kstart "<application>kstart</application>">
550
<!ENTITY ksysctrl "<application>KSysctrl</application>">
551
<!ENTITY ksysguard "<application>KSysguard</application>">
552
<!ENTITY ksysv "<application>KSysV</application>">
553
<!ENTITY ktalk "<application>KTalk</application>">
554
<!ENTITY ktalkd "<application>KTalkd</application>">
555
<!ENTITY kteatime "<application>KTeaTime</application>">
556
<!ENTITY kthesaurus "<application>KThesaurus</application>">
557
<!ENTITY ktimemon "<application>KTimemon</application>">
558
<!ENTITY ktimer "<application>KTimer</application>">
559
<!ENTITY ktip "<application>KTip</application>">
560
<!ENTITY ktouch "<application>KTouch</application>">
561
<!ENTITY ktron "<application>KTron</application>">
562
<!ENTITY ktuberling "<application>KTuberling</application>">
563
<!ENTITY kugar "<application>Kugar</application>">
564
<!ENTITY kuickshow "<application>KuickShow</application>">
565
<!ENTITY kuser "<application>KUser</application>">
566
<!ENTITY kview "<application>KView</application>">
567
<!ENTITY kviewshell "<application>KViewshell</application>">
568
<!ENTITY kvoctrain "<application>KVocTrain</application>">
569
<!ENTITY kworldclock "<application>KWorldClock</application>">
570
<!ENTITY kword "<application>KWord</application>">
571
<!ENTITY kwin "<application>KWin</application>">
572
<!ENTITY k4wins "<application>K Four Wins</application>">
573
<!ENTITY kwrite "<application>KWrite</application>">
574
<!ENTITY kwuftpd "<application>kwuftpd</application>">
575
<!ENTITY LaserJet '<trademark class="registered">LaserJet</trademark>'>
576
<!ENTITY lisa "<application>Lisa</application>">
577
<!ENTITY Linux '<trademark class="registered">Linux</trademark>'>
578
<!ENTITY Linux-Mandrake "<trademark>Linux-Mandrake</trademark>">
579
<!ENTITY LinuxPPC "<trademark>LinuxPPC</trademark>">
580
<!ENTITY lskat "<application>Lskat</application>">
581
<!ENTITY LZW "<acronym>LZW</acronym>">
582
<!ENTITY Mac '<trademark class="registered">Mac</trademark>'>
583
<!ENTITY MacOS '<trademark class="registered">Mac</trademark> <acronym>OS</acronym>'>
584
<!ENTITY Mandrake "<trademark>Mandrake</trademark>">
585
<!ENTITY megami "<application>Megami</application>">
586
<!ENTITY Microsoft '<trademark class="registered">Microsoft</trademark>'>
587
<!ENTITY MIDI "<acronym>MIDI</acronym>">
588
<!ENTITY MIME "<acronym>MIME</acronym>">
589
<!ENTITY moonphase "<application>Moon Phase</application>">
590
<!ENTITY Motif '<trademark class="registered">Motif</trademark>'>
591
<!ENTITY MRU "<acronym>MRU</acronym>">
592
<!ENTITY MTU "<acronym>MTU</acronym>">
593
<!ENTITY MusiXTeX "<application>MusiXTeX</application>">
594
<!ENTITY Netscape '<trademark class="registered">Netscape</trademark>'>
595
<!ENTITY NeXTSTEP "<trademark>NeXTSTEP</trademark>">
596
<!ENTITY noatun "<application>Noatun</application>">
597
<!ENTITY PalmOS '<trademark class="registered">Palm OS</trademark>'>
598
<!ENTITY PalmPilot "<productname><trademark>PalmPilot</trademark></productname>">
599
<!ENTITY PMX "<application>PMX</application>">
600
<!-- acronym too? --><!ENTITY PostScript '<trademark class="registered">PostScript</trademark>'>
601
<!ENTITY PPP "<acronym>PPP</acronym>">
602
<!ENTITY quanta "<application>Quanta</application>">
603
<!ENTITY quantaplus "<application>Quanta Plus</application>">
604
<!ENTITY Qt "<trademark>Qt</trademark>">
605
<!ENTITY RedHat '<trademark class="registered">Red Hat</trademark>'>
606
<!ENTITY reslisa "<application>ResLisa</application>">
607
<!ENTITY Sendmail '<application><trademark class="registered">sendmail</trademark></application>'>
608
<!ENTITY SMTP "<acronym>SMTP</acronym>">
609
<!ENTITY SGI "<trademark>SGI</trademark>">
610
<!ENTITY Solaris "<trademark>Solaris</trademark>">
611
<!ENTITY SuSE '<acronym><trademark class="registered">SuSE</trademark></acronym>'>
612
<!ENTITY ThreeCom '<trademark class="registered">3Com</trademark>'>
613
<!ENTITY tkmidi "<application>tkmidi</application>">
614
<!ENTITY TrueType '<trademark class="registered">TrueType</trademark>'>
615
<!ENTITY UNIX '<trademark class="registered">UNIX</trademark>'>
616
<!ENTITY URL "<acronym>URL</acronym>">
617
<!ENTITY URI "<acronym>URI</acronym>">
618
<!ENTITY Visor "<trademark>Visor</trademark>">
619
<!ENTITY windowmaker "<application>Window Maker</application>">
620
<!ENTITY Windows '<trademark class="registered">Windows</trademark>'>
621
<!ENTITY WordNet '<trademark class="registered">WordNet</trademark>'>
622
<!ENTITY Wordperfect '<application><trademark class="registered">WordPerfect</trademark></application>'>
623
<!ENTITY X-Server "<application>X-Server</application>">
624
<!ENTITY XEmacs "<application>XEmacs</application>">
625
<!ENTITY X-Window '<trademark class="registered">X Window System</trademark>'>
626
<!ENTITY XHTML "<trademark>XHTML</trademark>">
627
<!ENTITY XML "<trademark>XML</trademark>">
628
<!ENTITY XSL "<trademark>XSL</trademark>">
629
<!-- Defaults, do NOT add anything to this without checking with the docbook
630
team. --><!ENTITY package "This application isn't part of a KDE package">
631
<!-- Obsolete entities --><!-- Put them here; they will be removed at some stage --><!ENTITY artsbuilder "<application>aRts-builder</application>">
632
<!ENTITY kdf "<application>KDiskFree</application>">
633
<!ENTITY klaptopdaemon "<application>KLaptop</application>">
634
<!ENTITY klines "<application>Kolor Lines</application>">
635
<!ENTITY kmoon "<application>Moon Phase</application>">
636
<!ENTITY kodo "<application>KOdometer</application>">
637
<!ENTITY kpat "<application>KPatience</application>">
638
<!ENTITY kwin4 "<application>K Four Wins</application>">
639
<!ENTITY % xinclude SYSTEM "../../../libs/xinclude.mod">
640
<!ELEMENT xi:include (xi:fallback)?>
641
<!ATTLIST xi:include xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
642
<!ATTLIST xi:include href CDATA #REQUIRED>
643
<!ATTLIST xi:include parse (xml | text) "xml">
644
<!ATTLIST xi:include xpointer CDATA #IMPLIED>
645
<!ATTLIST xi:include encoding CDATA #IMPLIED>
646
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept CDATA #IMPLIED>
647
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept-charset CDATA #IMPLIED>
648
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept-language CDATA #IMPLIED>
649
<!ELEMENT xi:fallback ANY>
650
<!ATTLIST xi:fallback xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
651
<!ENTITY % local.preface.class "| xi:include">
652
<!ENTITY % local.part.class "| xi:include">
653
<!ENTITY % local.chapter.class "| xi:include">
654
<!ENTITY % local.divcomponent.mix "| xi:include">
655
<!ENTITY % local.para.char.mix "| xi:include">
656
<!ENTITY % local.info.class "| xi:include">
657
<!ENTITY % local.common.attrib "xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude'">
658
<!ENTITY language "en">
660
<chapter id="linux-basics" status="complete">
661
<title>Osnove operacijskega sistema Linux</title>
662
<para>To poglavje vam predstavlja osnovne pojme, ki so uporabni, ko začenjate s sistemom Kubuntu.</para>
663
<sect1 id="directories-file-systems" status="complete">
664
<title>Imeniki in datotečni sistemi</title>
665
<para>In Linux and Unix everything is a file. Directories are files, files are files, and devices are files. Devices are usually referred to as nodes; however, they are still files.</para>
666
<para>Datotečni sistemi Linuxa in Unixa so hierarhično organizirani, podobno kot drevesna struktura. Najvišja stopnja datotečnega sistema je <filename>/</filename> oziroma korenski imenik. Na primer, <filename>/home/jebediah/cheeses.odt</filename> kaže pravilno celotno pot do datoteke <filename>cheeses.odt</filename>, ki je pod imenikom <filename>jebediah</filename>, ki je pod imenikom <filename>home</filename>, ki je pod korenskim imenikom (<filename>/</filename>).</para>
667
<para>Pod korenskim imenikom (<filename>/</filename>) je nabor pomembnih imenikov, ki so skupni večini distribucij Linuxa. Sledi seznam skupnih imenikov, ki so neposredno pod korenskim imenikom (<filename>/</filename>):</para>
670
<para><filename>/bin</filename> - pomembne binarne aplikacije</para>
673
<para><filename>/boot</filename> - zagonske konfiguracijske datoteke in ostale datoteke potrebne ob času zagona</para>
676
<para><filename>/dev</filename> - datoteke naprav</para>
679
<para><filename>/etc</filename> - nastavitvene datoteke, zagonske skripte, itd.</para>
682
<para><filename>/home</filename> - domači imeniki za različne uporabnike</para>
685
<para><filename>/initrd</filename> - used when creating a customized <emphasis>initrd</emphasis> boot process</para>
688
<para><filename>/lib</filename> - sistemske knjižnice</para>
691
<para><filename>/lost+found</filename> - provides a <emphasis>lost+found</emphasis> system for files that exist under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory</para>
694
<para><filename>/media</filename> - samodejno priklopljene (naložene) particije na vašem trdem disku in odstranljivi mediji, kot npr. zgoščenke, digitalni fotoaparati, itd.</para>
697
<para><filename>/mnt</filename> - ročno priklopljeni datotečni sistemi na vašem trdem disku (<emphasis>m</emphasis>ou<emphasis>nt</emphasis>)</para>
700
<para><filename>/opt</filename> - provides a location for <emphasis>opt</emphasis>ional (3rd party) applications to be installed</para>
703
<para><filename>/proc</filename> - poseben dinamični imenik, ki vzdržuje informacije o stanju sistema, vključujoč trenutno tekoče procese</para>
706
<para><filename>/root</filename> - <emphasis>root</emphasis> user's home directory, pronounced "slash-root"</para>
709
<para><filename>/sbin</filename> - pomembne sistemske binarne aplikacije</para>
712
<para><filename>/srv</filename> - lahko vsebuje datoteke, ki so servirane drugim sistemom</para>
715
<para><filename>/sys</filename> - sistemske datoteke</para>
718
<para><filename>/tmp</filename> - začasne datoteke</para>
721
<para><filename>/usr</filename> - aplikacije in datoteke, ki so večinoma na voljo za dostop vsem uporabnikom</para>
724
<para><filename>/var</filename> - spremenljive datoteke, kot so dnevniki in podatkovne baze</para>
728
<sect1 id="permissions" status="complete">
729
<title>Dovoljenja</title>
730
<para>All of the files on a Linux system have permissions that allow or prevent others from viewing, modifying or executing them. The superuser "root" has the ability to access any file on the system. Each file has access restrictions, user restrictions, and an owner/group association.</para>
731
<para>Vsaka datoteka je zavarovana s sledečimi tremi plastmi dovoljenj, v vrstnem redu po pomemnosti:</para>
734
<para>uporabnik (user)</para>
735
<para>nanaša se na uporabnika, ki je lastnik datoteke</para>
739
<para>nanaša se na skupino, ki je povezana z datoteko</para>
743
<para>nanaša se na ostale uporabnike</para>
746
<para>Inside each of the three sets of permissions are the actual permissions. The permissions, along with the way they apply differently to files and directories, are outlined below:</para>
750
<para>datoteke so lahko prikazane/odprte</para>
751
<para>directory contents can be displayed</para>
755
<para>files can be edited or deleted</para>
756
<para>vsebine imenikov so lahko spremenjene</para>
760
<para>izvedljive datoteke so lahko pognane kot program</para>
761
<para>v imenike se lahko vstopa</para>
765
To view and edit the permissions on files and directories, open
768
<guimenu>System Menu</guimenu>
769
<guimenuitem>Home Folder</guimenuitem>
771
right-click on a file or directory, then
772
select <guimenu>Properties</guimenu>. The permissions are found under the
773
<guilabel>Permissions</guilabel> tab and allow for the editing of all
774
permission levels, if you are the owner of the file. Advanced permission
775
settings (such as in the <guilabel>Advanced Permissions</guilabel> tab)
776
are outside of the scope of this guide.
779
<sect1 id="root-and-sudo" status="complete">
781
<title>Root in sudo</title>
783
<para>Root je v GNU/Linux uporabnik, ki ima administratorski dostop do sistema. Navadni uporabniki nimajo tovrstnega dostopa zaradi varnostnih razlogov. Vendar pa Kubuntu ne vključuje korenskega uporabnika. Namesto tega, je administratorski dostop dan posameznim uporabnikom, ki lahko uporabijo aplikacijo "sudo" za administratorska opravila. Prvi uporabniški račun, ustvarjen na sistemu med namestitvijo, bo že privzeto lahko dostopal do aplikacije sudo. Dostop uporabnikov do sudo lahko omejite ali pa omogočite z aplikacijo <application>Uporabniki in skupine</application> (glej <xref linkend="users-and-groups"/> za več informacij).</para>
786
When you run an application that requires root privileges,
787
sudo will ask you to input your normal user password. This
788
ensures that rogue applications cannot damage your system, and
789
serves as a reminder that you are about to perform
790
administrative actions which require you to be careful!
793
<para>Za uporabo suda v ukazni vrstici enostavno vpišite "sudo" pred ukazom, ki ga želite zagnati. Sudo vas bo nato pozval za vašim geslom.</para>
795
<para>Sudo si bo zapomnil vaše geslo za določen izbran čas (privzeto 15 minut). Ta zmožnost je bila oblikovana, da omogoči uporabnikom izvrševati večkratna administrativna opravila, brez da bi vsakokrat bili vprašani za geslo.</para>
798
<para>Ko opravljate administrativna opravila bodite previdni -- lahko poškudujete sistem!</para>
800
<para>Nekaj ostalih namigov za uporabo orodja sudo:</para>
804
To use a "root" terminal, type "sudo -i" at the
810
The entire group of default graphical configuration
811
tools in Kubuntu already uses sudo, so you will be
812
prompted for your password if needed using
813
<application>kdesu</application>, which is a graphical
814
frontend to <application>sudo</application>.
819
For more information on the
820
<application>sudo</application> program and the
821
absence of a root user in Kubuntu, read the <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo">sudo page</ulink> on the
826
<sect2 id="run-application-root" status="complete">
827
<title>Start a Program Manually with Root Privileges</title>
829
Sometimes it is necessary to run a program with root
830
privileges. This is easy to do with the <application>Run
831
Command</application> dialog.
835
Please be careful while running applications with root
836
privileges as you may damage your system. See <xref linkend="root-and-sudo"/> for more details.
841
<para>Open the <application>Run Command</application> dialog by typing:
850
Enter the name of the program you wish to run,
851
<emphasis>prefixed</emphasis> with
852
<application>kdesu</application> and press
853
<keycap>Enter</keycap>. For example, to launch the
854
file manager <application>Konqueror</application>
855
with root privileges, type <screen>kdesu konqueror</screen>
861
<sect1 id="terminals" status="complete">
862
<title>Terminal</title>
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<para>Working at the command line is not as daunting a task
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as you would think. There is no special knowledge needed to
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use the command line as it is a program like everything
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else. Most things in Linux can be done using the command line.
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Although there are graphical tools for most programs, sometimes
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they are just not enough. This is where the command line comes
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The terminal is often called the command prompt
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or the shell. In days gone by, this was the way the
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user interacted with the computer; however, Linux users have
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found that the use of the shell can be quicker than a
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graphical method and still holds some merit today. Here you
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will learn how to use the terminal.
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The original use of the terminal was as a file browser, and
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indeed it is still used as a file browser. You can use the
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terminal as a file browser to navigate your files and undo the
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changes that have been made.
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<sect2 id="starting-konsole" status="complete">
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<title>Starting the Terminal</title>
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The <application>Konsole</application> can be started by
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<guimenu>K-menu</guimenu>
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<guimenuitem>System</guimenuitem>
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<guimenuitem>Konsole (Terminal Program)</guimenuitem>
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from the Desktop menu system.
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<sect2 id="common-commands" status="complete">
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<title>Common Commands</title>
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<term>View Directories: - ls
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<listitem><para>The <application>ls</application> (LiSt) lists files in different colors with full formatted text</para></listitem>
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<term>Create Directories: - mkdir (directory name)
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<listitem><para>The <application>mkdir</application> (MaKeDIRectory) command will create a directory.</para></listitem>
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<term>Change Directories: - cd (/directory/location)
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<listitem><para>The <application>cd</application> (Change Directory) command will change from your current directory to any directory you specify.</para>
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<term>Copy Files/Directories: - cp (file or directory name) (to directory or filename)
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<listitem><para>The <application>cp</application> (CoPy) command will copy any files you specify. The <application>cp -r</application> command will copy any directories you specify.</para>
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<term>Remove Files/Directories: - rm (file or directory name)</term>
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<listitem><para>The <application>rm</application> (ReMove) command will delete any filename you specify. The <application>rm -r</application> command will remove any directory you specify, and all its contents.</para></listitem>
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<term>Move/Rename Files/Directories: - mv (file or directory name)</term>
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<listitem><para>The <application>mv</application> (MoVe) command will move/rename any file or directory you specify.</para>
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<term>Find Files/Directories: - locate (file or directory name)</term>
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<listitem><para>The <application>locate</application> command will search for any filename you specify. It uses an index of the files on your system to work quickly. To update this index, run the command <application>sudo updatedb</application>. This command is run automatically each day if you leave your computer on. It needs to be run with administrative privileges (see <xref linkend="root-and-sudo"/>).</para>
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<para>You can also use wildcards to match one or more files, such as "*" (for all files) or "?"
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(to match one character).
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<sect2 status="complete">
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<title>Switch to Console mode</title>
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<para>The usual method of command-line access in Kubuntu is to
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start a terminal (see <xref linkend="starting-konsole"/> above)
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, however sometimes it is useful to switch to the real console:</para>
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<para>Use the <keycombo>
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<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
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shortcut keys to switch to the first console.
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<para>To switch back to Desktop mode, use the <keycombo>
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<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
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</keycombo> shortcut keys.
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<para>There are six consoles available. Each one is accessible with the
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shortcut keys <keycombo>
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<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
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</keycombo> to <keycombo>
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<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
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<sect2 status="complete">
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<title>Disable the beep sound in Terminal mode</title>
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Start a <application>Konsole</application>
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<guimenu>K-menu</guimenu>
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<guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Konsole (Terminal Program)</guimenuitem>
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from the desktop menu system.
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<guimenu>Settings</guimenu>
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<guisubmenu>Bell</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>None</guimenuitem>
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<sect1 id="text-editing" status="complete">
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<title>Text Editing</title>
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All of the configurations and settings in Linux are saved in
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text files. Even though you most often can edit configurations
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through the graphical interface, you may occasionally have to
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<application>Kate</application> is the default Kubuntu text
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editor, which can be launched by clicking
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<guimenu>K-menu</guimenu>
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<guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Kate (Advanced Text Editor)</guimenuitem>
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from the desktop menu system.
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At times in this guide, <application>Kate</application> is run
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from the command line using <application>kdesu</application>, as most
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configuration files require root privileges to alter them. It is recommended
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that you also run <application>kdesu</application> from the
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command line when shown in this guide.
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<para>If you need to use a text editor from the command line, you can use <application>nano</application>, which is a simple to use text editor. When running it from the command line, always use the following command, which ensures that the editor will not introduce line breaks:<screen>nano -w</screen>
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<para>For more information about how to use <application>nano</application>, refer to the <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/NanoHowto">guide on the wiki</ulink>.
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<para>There are also quite a few other terminal-based editors available in Kubuntu, popular ones include <application>VIM</application> and <application>Emacs</application> (the pros and cons of each are cause for much friendly debate within the Linux community). These are often more complex to use than <application>nano</application>, but are also more powerful.
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<sect1 id="users-and-groups" status="complete">
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<title>Users and Groups</title>
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<para>To add users or groups to your system, you can use the <application>Users And Groups</application> application located in
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<guimenu>K-menu</guimenu>
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<guimenuitem>System Settings</guimenuitem>
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<guimenuitem>Users and Groups</guimenuitem>
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You will need to change into the "Administrator Mode" to make changes to Users and Groups.</para>
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To add a new user, click on <guilabel>New...</guilabel>, fill in the data fields then click <guilabel>OK</guilabel>. To edit the properties of each user, click the <guilabel>Modify...</guilabel> button located in the main <guilabel>Users</guilabel> window.
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To add a new group, select the <guilabel>Groups</guilabel> tab and click <guilabel>New...</guilabel>. Choose a name for the new group and, if you want, change the default value for the <guilabel>Group ID</guilabel>. If you try to allocate a <guilabel>Group ID</guilabel> that is in use, the system will warn you.</para>
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<para>You can add users to the newly created group by selecting a user from the left menu and clicking on the <guilabel>Add</guilabel> button. Removing a user from a group is as simple as adding one: select the user from the right menu then click <guilabel>Remove</guilabel>. When you are ready, click <guilabel>OK</guilabel> and the new group with its users, if inserted, will be created.</para>
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<para>To edit the properties of a group, from within the <guilabel>Groups</guilabel> main window, choose a group name and click on the <guilabel>Modify...</guilabel> button.</para>
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<para>To remove a user or a group from the system, select the user or group you want to delete and click <guilabel>Delete...</guilabel>.</para>
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kubuntu/desktopguide/sl/linux-basics.xml
