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Installation Instructions
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Copyright (C) 1994-1996, 1999-2002, 2004-2016 Free Software
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Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
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are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
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notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is,
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without warranty of any kind.
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Briefly, the shell command './configure && make && make install'
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should configure, build, and install this package. The following
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more-detailed instructions are generic; see the 'README' file for
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instructions specific to this package. Some packages provide this
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'INSTALL' file but do not implement all of the features documented
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below. The lack of an optional feature in a given package is not
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necessarily a bug. More recommendations for GNU packages can be found
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in *note Makefile Conventions: (standards)Makefile Conventions.
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The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
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various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
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those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package.
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It may also create one or more '.h' files containing system-dependent
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definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script 'config.status' that
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you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a
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file 'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
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debugging 'configure').
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It can also use an optional file (typically called 'config.cache' and
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enabled with '--cache-file=config.cache' or simply '-C') that saves the
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results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. Caching is disabled by
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default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale cache files.
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If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try
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to figure out how 'configure' could check whether to do them, and mail
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diffs or instructions to the address given in the 'README' so they can
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be considered for the next release. If you are using the cache, and at
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some point 'config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you
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may remove or edit it.
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The file 'configure.ac' (or 'configure.in') is used to create
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'configure' by a program called 'autoconf'. You need 'configure.ac' if
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you want to change it or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of
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The simplest way to compile this package is:
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1. 'cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type
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'./configure' to configure the package for your system.
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Running 'configure' might take a while. While running, it prints
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some messages telling which features it is checking for.
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2. Type 'make' to compile the package.
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3. Optionally, type 'make check' to run any self-tests that come with
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the package, generally using the just-built uninstalled binaries.
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4. Type 'make install' to install the programs and any data files and
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documentation. When installing into a prefix owned by root, it is
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recommended that the package be configured and built as a regular
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user, and only the 'make install' phase executed with root
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5. Optionally, type 'make installcheck' to repeat any self-tests, but
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this time using the binaries in their final installed location.
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This target does not install anything. Running this target as a
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regular user, particularly if the prior 'make install' required
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root privileges, verifies that the installation completed
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6. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
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source code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the
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files that 'configure' created (so you can compile the package for
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a different kind of computer), type 'make distclean'. There is
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also a 'make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly
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for the package's developers. If you use it, you may have to get
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all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came
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with the distribution.
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7. Often, you can also type 'make uninstall' to remove the installed
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files again. In practice, not all packages have tested that
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uninstallation works correctly, even though it is required by the
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8. Some packages, particularly those that use Automake, provide 'make
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distcheck', which can by used by developers to test that all other
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targets like 'make install' and 'make uninstall' work correctly.
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This target is generally not run by end users.
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Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that
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the 'configure' script does not know about. Run './configure --help'
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for details on some of the pertinent environment variables.
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You can give 'configure' initial values for configuration parameters
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by setting variables in the command line or in the environment. Here is
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./configure CC=c99 CFLAGS=-g LIBS=-lposix
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*Note Defining Variables::, for more details.
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Compiling For Multiple Architectures
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====================================
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You can compile the package for more than one kind of computer at the
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same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
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own directory. To do this, you can use GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the
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directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
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the 'configure' script. 'configure' automatically checks for the source
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code in the directory that 'configure' is in and in '..'. This is known
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With a non-GNU 'make', it is safer to compile the package for one
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architecture at a time in the source code directory. After you have
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installed the package for one architecture, use 'make distclean' before
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reconfiguring for another architecture.
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On MacOS X 10.5 and later systems, you can create libraries and
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executables that work on multiple system types--known as "fat" or
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"universal" binaries--by specifying multiple '-arch' options to the
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compiler but only a single '-arch' option to the preprocessor. Like
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./configure CC="gcc -arch i386 -arch x86_64 -arch ppc -arch ppc64" \
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CXX="g++ -arch i386 -arch x86_64 -arch ppc -arch ppc64" \
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CPP="gcc -E" CXXCPP="g++ -E"
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This is not guaranteed to produce working output in all cases, you
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may have to build one architecture at a time and combine the results
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using the 'lipo' tool if you have problems.
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By default, 'make install' installs the package's commands under
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'/usr/local/bin', include files under '/usr/local/include', etc. You
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can specify an installation prefix other than '/usr/local' by giving
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'configure' the option '--prefix=PREFIX', where PREFIX must be an
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You can specify separate installation prefixes for
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architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you
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pass the option '--exec-prefix=PREFIX' to 'configure', the package uses
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PREFIX as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
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Documentation and other data files still use the regular prefix.
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In addition, if you use an unusual directory layout you can give
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options like '--bindir=DIR' to specify different values for particular
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kinds of files. Run 'configure --help' for a list of the directories
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you can set and what kinds of files go in them. In general, the default
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for these options is expressed in terms of '${prefix}', so that
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specifying just '--prefix' will affect all of the other directory
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specifications that were not explicitly provided.
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The most portable way to affect installation locations is to pass the
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correct locations to 'configure'; however, many packages provide one or
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both of the following shortcuts of passing variable assignments to the
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'make install' command line to change installation locations without
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having to reconfigure or recompile.
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The first method involves providing an override variable for each
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affected directory. For example, 'make install
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prefix=/alternate/directory' will choose an alternate location for all
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directory configuration variables that were expressed in terms of
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'${prefix}'. Any directories that were specified during 'configure',
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but not in terms of '${prefix}', must each be overridden at install time
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for the entire installation to be relocated. The approach of makefile
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variable overrides for each directory variable is required by the GNU
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Coding Standards, and ideally causes no recompilation. However, some
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platforms have known limitations with the semantics of shared libraries
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that end up requiring recompilation when using this method, particularly
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noticeable in packages that use GNU Libtool.
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The second method involves providing the 'DESTDIR' variable. For
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example, 'make install DESTDIR=/alternate/directory' will prepend
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'/alternate/directory' before all installation names. The approach of
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'DESTDIR' overrides is not required by the GNU Coding Standards, and
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does not work on platforms that have drive letters. On the other hand,
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it does better at avoiding recompilation issues, and works well even
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when some directory options were not specified in terms of '${prefix}'
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If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed
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with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving 'configure' the
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option '--program-prefix=PREFIX' or '--program-suffix=SUFFIX'.
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Some packages pay attention to '--enable-FEATURE' options to
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'configure', where FEATURE indicates an optional part of the package.
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They may also pay attention to '--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE
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is something like 'gnu-as' or 'x' (for the X Window System). The
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'README' should mention any '--enable-' and '--with-' options that the
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For packages that use the X Window System, 'configure' can usually
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find the X include and library files automatically, but if it doesn't,
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you can use the 'configure' options '--x-includes=DIR' and
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'--x-libraries=DIR' to specify their locations.
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Some packages offer the ability to configure how verbose the
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execution of 'make' will be. For these packages, running './configure
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--enable-silent-rules' sets the default to minimal output, which can be
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overridden with 'make V=1'; while running './configure
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--disable-silent-rules' sets the default to verbose, which can be
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overridden with 'make V=0'.
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On HP-UX, the default C compiler is not ANSI C compatible. If GNU CC
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is not installed, it is recommended to use the following options in
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order to use an ANSI C compiler:
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./configure CC="cc -Ae -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=500"
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and if that doesn't work, install pre-built binaries of GCC for HP-UX.
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HP-UX 'make' updates targets which have the same time stamps as their
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prerequisites, which makes it generally unusable when shipped generated
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files such as 'configure' are involved. Use GNU 'make' instead.
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On OSF/1 a.k.a. Tru64, some versions of the default C compiler cannot
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parse its '<wchar.h>' header file. The option '-nodtk' can be used as a
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workaround. If GNU CC is not installed, it is therefore recommended to
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and if that doesn't work, try
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./configure CC="cc -nodtk"
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On Solaris, don't put '/usr/ucb' early in your 'PATH'. This
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directory contains several dysfunctional programs; working variants of
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these programs are available in '/usr/bin'. So, if you need '/usr/ucb'
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in your 'PATH', put it _after_ '/usr/bin'.
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On Haiku, software installed for all users goes in '/boot/common',
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not '/usr/local'. It is recommended to use the following options:
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./configure --prefix=/boot/common
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Specifying the System Type
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==========================
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There may be some features 'configure' cannot figure out
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automatically, but needs to determine by the type of machine the package
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will run on. Usually, assuming the package is built to be run on the
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_same_ architectures, 'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints
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a message saying it cannot guess the machine type, give it the
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'--build=TYPE' option. TYPE can either be a short name for the system
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type, such as 'sun4', or a canonical name which has the form:
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where SYSTEM can have one of these forms:
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See the file 'config.sub' for the possible values of each field. If
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'config.sub' isn't included in this package, then this package doesn't
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need to know the machine type.
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If you are _building_ compiler tools for cross-compiling, you should
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use the option '--target=TYPE' to select the type of system they will
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If you want to _use_ a cross compiler, that generates code for a
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platform different from the build platform, you should specify the
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"host" platform (i.e., that on which the generated programs will
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eventually be run) with '--host=TYPE'.
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If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share,
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you can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives
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default values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'.
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'configure' looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
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'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
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'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
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A warning: not all 'configure' scripts look for a site script.
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Variables not defined in a site shell script can be set in the
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environment passed to 'configure'. However, some packages may run
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configure again during the build, and the customized values of these
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variables may be lost. In order to avoid this problem, you should set
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them in the 'configure' command line, using 'VAR=value'. For example:
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./configure CC=/usr/local2/bin/gcc
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causes the specified 'gcc' to be used as the C compiler (unless it is
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overridden in the site shell script).
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Unfortunately, this technique does not work for 'CONFIG_SHELL' due to an
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Autoconf limitation. Until the limitation is lifted, you can use this
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CONFIG_SHELL=/bin/bash ./configure CONFIG_SHELL=/bin/bash
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'configure' Invocation
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======================
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'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it
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Print a summary of all of the options to 'configure', and exit.
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Print a summary of the options unique to this package's
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'configure', and exit. The 'short' variant lists options used only
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in the top level, while the 'recursive' variant lists options also
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present in any nested packages.
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Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure'
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Enable the cache: use and save the results of the tests in FILE,
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traditionally 'config.cache'. FILE defaults to '/dev/null' to
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Alias for '--cache-file=config.cache'.
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Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. To
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suppress all normal output, redirect it to '/dev/null' (any error
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messages will still be shown).
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Look for the package's source code in directory DIR. Usually
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'configure' can determine that directory automatically.
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Use DIR as the installation prefix. *note Installation Names:: for
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more details, including other options available for fine-tuning the
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installation locations.
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Run the configure checks, but stop before creating any output
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'configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options. Run
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'configure --help' for more details.
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INSTALL
