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# German translation for ubuntu-docs
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# Copyright (c) (c) 2006 Canonical Ltd, and Rosetta Contributors 2006
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# This file is distributed under the same license as the ubuntu-docs package.
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# Chrugail <chrugail@gmail.com>, 2006.
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"Project-Id-Version: ubuntu-docs\n"
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"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2007-09-14 08:25+0100\n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: 2007-03-21 14:55+0000\n"
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"Last-Translator: Ralf <ralf.weyer@web.de>\n"
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"Language-Team: German <de@li.org>\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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"X-Launchpad-Export-Date: 2007-10-02 07:45+0000\n"
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"X-Generator: Launchpad (build Unknown)\n"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands-C.omf:6(creator) basic-commands/C/basic-commands-C.omf:7(maintainer)
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msgid "ubuntu-doc@lists.ubuntu.com (Ubuntu Documentation Project)"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands-C.omf:8(title) basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:15(title)
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msgid "Basic Commands"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands-C.omf:9(date)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands-C.omf:11(description)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:18(title)
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msgid "Using this Guide"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:28(emphasis)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:20(emphasis)
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"\"Under Linux there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you can "
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"point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without first reading "
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"lots of documentation. The traditional Unix environment is a CLI (command "
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"line interface), where you type commands to tell the computer what to do. "
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"That is faster and more powerful, but requires finding out what the commands "
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"are.\" -- from <placeholder-1/>"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:33(para)
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"This guide will make you familiar with basic GNU/Linux shell commands. It is "
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"not intended to be a complete guide to the command line, just an "
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"introduction to complement Ubuntu's graphical tools."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:43(para)
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"All command names, file names or paths to directories will be shown using a "
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"<command>monospace font</command>."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:50(para)
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"All the commands on this guide are to be issued from a command prompt in a "
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"<application>Terminal</application> and will be shown as: <screen>command to "
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:58(para)
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"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Note that Linux is case sensitive.</emphasis> "
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"User, user, and USER are all different to Linux."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:69(title)
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msgid "Starting a Terminal"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:70(para)
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msgid "To open a <application>Terminal</application> do as follow:"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:76(para)
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"<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenui"
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"tem><guimenuitem>Terminal</guimenuitem></menuchoice>;"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:81(para)
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"Or press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> and "
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"type <command>gnome-terminal</command>."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:94(title)
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msgid "File and Directory Commands"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:97(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:98(para)
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"The <command>cd</command> command changes directories. When you open a "
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"terminal you will be in your home directory. To move around the file system "
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"you will use <command>cd</command>. Examples:"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:107(para)
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msgid "To navigate into the root directory, type: <screen>cd /</screen>"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:113(para)
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"To navigate to your home directory, type: <screen>cd</screen> or <screen>cd "
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:121(para)
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msgid "To navigate up one directory level, type: <screen>cd ..</screen>"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:127(para)
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"To navigate to the previous directory (or back), type: <screen>cd -</screen>"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:134(para)
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"To navigate through multiple levels of directory at once, specify the full "
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"directory path that you want to go to. For example, type: <screen>cd "
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"/var/www</screen> to go directly to the <filename "
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"class=\"directory\">/www</filename> subdirectory of <filename "
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"class=\"directory\">/var/</filename>. As another example, type: <screen>cd "
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"~/Desktop</screen> to move you to the <filename "
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"class=\"directory\">Desktop</filename> subdirectory inside your home "
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:151(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:162(para)
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"<application>GNOME Terminal</application> also displays this information in "
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"the title bar of it's window."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:152(para)
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"<command>pwd</command>: The <command>pwd</command> command will show you "
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"which directory you're located in (<acronym>pwd</acronym> stands for "
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"<quote>print working directory</quote>). For example, typing "
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"<screen>pwd</screen> in the <filename class=\"directory\">Desktop</filename> "
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"directory, will show <computeroutput>~/Desktop</computeroutput>. "
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:171(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:172(para)
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"The <command>ls</command> command shows you the files in your current "
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"directory. Used with certain options, you can see sizes of files, when files "
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"where made, and permissions of files. For example, typing <screen>ls "
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"~</screen> will show you the files that are in your home directory."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:183(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:184(para)
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"The <command>cp</command> command makes a copy of a file for you. For "
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"example, type: <screen>cp file foo</screen> to make a exact copy of "
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"<filename>file</filename> and name it <filename>foo</filename>, but the file "
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"<filename>file</filename> will still be there."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:194(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:206(para)
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"If you are using <command>mv</command> with <command>sudo</command> you will "
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"not be able to use the <emphasis role=\"strong\">~</emphasis> shortcut, but "
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"will have to use the full pathnames to your files. This is because when you "
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"are working as root, <emphasis role=\"strong\">~</emphasis> will refer to "
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"the root account's home directory, not your own."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:195(para)
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"The <command>mv</command> command moves a file to a different location or "
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"will rename a file. Examples are as follows: <screen>mv file foo</screen> "
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"will rename the file <filename>file</filename> to <filename>foo</filename>. "
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"<screen>mv foo ~/Desktop</screen> will move the file "
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"<filename>foo</filename> to your <filename "
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"class=\"directory\">Desktop</filename> directory but will not rename it. You "
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"must specify a new file name to rename a file. <placeholder-1/>"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:219(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:220(para)
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"Use the <command>rm</command> command to remove or delete a file in your "
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"directory. It will not work on directories which have files in them."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:228(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:229(para)
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"The <command>mkdir</command> command will allow you to create directories. "
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"For example, typing: <screen>mkdir music</screen> will create a music "
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"directory in the current directory."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:239(title)
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msgid "System Information Commands"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:242(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:243(para)
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"The <command>df</command> command displays filesystem disk space usage for "
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"all partitions. <screen>df -h</screen> will give information using megabytes "
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"(M) and gigabytes (G) instead of blocks (<emphasis role=\"strong\">-"
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"h</emphasis> means \"human-readable\")."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:253(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:254(para)
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"The <command>free</command> command displays the amount of free and used "
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"memory in the system. <screen>free -m</screen> will give the information "
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"using megabytes, which is probably most useful for current computers."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:264(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:265(para)
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"The <command>top</command> command displays information on your GNU/Linux "
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"system, running processes and system resources, including CPU, RAM & "
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"swap usage and total number of tasks being run. To exit "
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"<application>top</application>, press <keycap>q</keycap>."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:275(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:276(para)
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"The <command>uname</command> command with the <emphasis role=\"strong\">-"
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"a</emphasis> option, prints all system information, including machine name, "
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"kernel name & version, and a few other details. Most useful for checking "
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"which kernel you're using."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:286(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:287(para)
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"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">lsb_release</emphasis> command with the "
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"<emphasis role=\"strong\">-a</emphasis> option prints version information "
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"for the Linux release you're running. For example, typing: "
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"<screen>lsb_release -a</screen> will give you: <screen>\n"
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"No LSB modules are available.\n"
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"Distributor ID: Ubuntu\n"
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"Description: Ubuntu 7.04 \n"
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"Codename: feisty</screen>"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:305(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:306(para)
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"The <command>ifconfig</command> command reports on your system's network "
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:314(title)
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msgid "Executing Commands with Elevated Privileges"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:315(para)
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"The following commands will need to be prefaced with the "
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"<command>sudo</command> command. Please see <ulink "
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"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo\">RootSudo</ulink> for "
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"information on using <command>sudo</command>."
326
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:324(title)
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msgid "Adding a New Group"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:325(para)
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"The <command>addgroup</command> command is used to create a new group on the "
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"system. To create a new group, type: <screen>addgroup newgroup</screen> The "
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"above command will create a new group called <emphasis "
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"role=\"strong\">newgroup</emphasis>."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:334(title)
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msgid "Adding A New User"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:335(para)
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"The <command>adduser</command> is used to create new users on the system. To "
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"create a new user, type: <screen>adduser newuser</screen> The above command "
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"will create a new user called <emphasis role=\"strong\">newuser</emphasis>."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:342(para)
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"To assign a password for the new user use the <command>passwd</command> "
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"command: <screen>passwd newuser</screen>"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:348(para)
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"Finally, to assign the new user to the new group, type: <screen>adduser "
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"newuser newgroup</screen>"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:356(title)
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:357(para)
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"The default behavior for a command may usually be modified by adding a "
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"<emphasis role=\"strong\">-- <emphasis>option</emphasis></emphasis> to the "
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"command. The <link linkend=\"ls\"><command>ls</command></link> command, for "
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"example, has a <emphasis role=\"strong\">-s</emphasis> option so that "
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"<command>ls -s</command> will include file sizes in the listing. There is "
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"also a <emphasis role=\"strong\">-h</emphasis> option to get those sizes in "
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"a \"human readable\" format."
376
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:368(para)
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"Options can be grouped in clusters so <screen>ls -sh</screen> is exactly the "
379
"same command as <screen>ls -s -h</screen> Most options have a long version, "
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"prefixed with two dashes instead of one, so even <screen>ls --size --human-"
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"readable</screen> is the same command."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:379(title)
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msgid "\"Man\" and getting help"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:380(para)
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"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><emphasis>command</emphasis> --help</emphasis> and "
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"<emphasis role=\"strong\">man <emphasis>command</emphasis></emphasis> are "
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"the two most important tools at the command line."
395
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:387(para)
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"Virtually all commands understand the <emphasis role=\"strong\">-"
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"h</emphasis> (or <emphasis role=\"strong\">--help</emphasis>) option which "
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"will produce a short usage description of the command and it's options, then "
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"exit back to the command prompt. Type <screen>man -h</screen> or <screen>man "
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"--help</screen> to see this in action."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:397(para)
406
"Every command and nearly every application in Linux will have a man (manual) "
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"file, so finding them is as simple as typing <command>man command</command> "
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"to bring up a longer manual entry for the specified command. For example, "
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"<screen>man mv</screen> will bring up the <command>mv</command> (move) "
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:406(para)
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"Move up and down the man file with the arrow keys, and quit back to the "
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"command prompt with <keycap>q</keycap>."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:411(para)
421
"<screen>man man</screen> will bring up the manual entry for the "
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"<command>man</command> command, which is a good place to start."
425
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:417(para)
427
"<screen>man intro</screen> is especially useful - it displays the "
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"\"Introduction to user commands\" which is a well-written, fairly brief "
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"introduction to the Linux command line."
432
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:422(para)
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"There are also <command>info</command> pages, which are generally more in-"
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"depth than <command>man</command> pages. Try <screen>info info</screen> for "
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"the introduction to info pages."
439
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:432(title)
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msgid "Searching for man files"
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:433(para)
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"If you aren't sure which command or application you need to use, you can try "
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"searching the man files."
449
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:446(para)
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msgid "This is the same as the <command>apropos</command> command."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:439(para)
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"<command>man -k foo</command>, will search the man files for "
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"<emphasis>foo</emphasis>. Try <screen>man -k nautilus</screen> to see how "
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"this works. <placeholder-1/>"
460
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:459(para)
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msgid "This is the same as the <command>whatis</command> command."
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#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:454(para)
466
"<command>man -f foo</command>, searches only the titles of your system's man "
467
"files. For example, try <screen>man -f gnome</screen><placeholder-1/>"
470
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:471(title)
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msgid "Other Useful Things"
474
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:474(title)
475
msgid "Pasting in commands"
478
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:475(para)
480
"Often, you will be referred to instructions that require commands to be "
481
"pasted into the terminal. You might be wondering why the text you've copied "
482
"from a web page using "
483
"<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo> won't paste in "
484
"with <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>V</keycap></keycombo>. Surely "
485
"you don't have to type in all those nasty commands and filenames? Relax. "
486
"Middle Button Click on your mouse (both buttons simultaneously on a two-"
487
"button mouse) or Right Click and select "
488
"<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Paste</guimenuitem></menuchoice> from the menu."
491
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:498(title)
492
msgid "Save on typing"
495
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:507(para)
497
"<keycap>Up Arrow</keycap> or "
498
"<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>p</keycap></keycombo>"
501
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:517(para)
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msgid "Scrolls through the commands you've entered previously."
505
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:525(para)
507
"<keycap>Down Arrow</keycap> or "
508
"<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>n</keycap></keycombo>"
511
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:535(para)
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msgid "Takes you back to a more recent command."
515
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:542(keycap)
519
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:547(para)
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msgid "When you have the command you want."
523
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:553(keycap)
527
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:558(para)
529
"A very useful feature. It autocompletes any commands or filenames, if "
530
"there's only one option, or else gives you a list of options."
533
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:571(title)
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msgid "Change the text"
537
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:572(para)
539
"The mouse won't work. Use the <keycap>Left/Right arrow</keycap> keys to move "
543
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:576(para)
545
"When the cursor is where you want it in the line, typing "
546
"<emphasis>inserts</emphasis> text, it doesn't overtype what's already there."
549
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:591(keycap) basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:607(keycap) basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:626(keycap) basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:642(keycap) basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:657(keycap) basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:671(keycap)
553
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:592(keycap)
557
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:594(keycap)
561
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:599(para)
562
msgid "Moves the cursor to the <emphasis>start</emphasis> of a line."
565
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:608(keycap)
569
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:610(keycap)
573
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:615(para)
575
"Moves the cursor to the <emphasis><emphasis "
576
"role=\"strong\">e</emphasis>nd</emphasis> of a line."
579
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:627(keycap)
583
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:633(para)
585
"Moves to the <emphasis role=\"strong\">b</emphasis>eginning of the previous "
589
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:643(keycap)
593
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:649(para)
594
msgid "Deletes from the current cursor position to the end of the line."
597
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:658(keycap)
601
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:664(para)
602
msgid "Deletes the whole of the current line."
605
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:672(keycap)
609
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:678(para)
610
msgid "Deletes the word before the cursor."
613
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:688(title)
614
msgid "More Information"
617
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:689(para)
618
msgid "The following online guides are available:"
621
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:692(para)
623
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptGetHowto\"> "
624
"AptGetHowto</ulink> - using apt-get to install packages from the command "
628
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:699(para)
630
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/CommandLine\"> "
631
"Commandline Repository Editing</ulink> - adding the Universe/Multiverse "
632
"repositories through the command line."
635
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:707(para)
637
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/grep\">grep Howto</ulink> - "
638
"grep is a powerful command line search tool."
641
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:714(para)
643
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/find\">find </ulink> - locate "
644
"files on the command line."
647
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:720(para)
649
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommandlineHowto\"> "
650
"CommandlineHowto</ulink> - longer and more complete than this basic guide, "
651
"but still unfinished."
654
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:727(para)
656
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToReadline\"> "
657
"HowToReadline</ulink> - information on some more advanced customization for "
661
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:734(para)
662
msgid "For more detailed tutorials on the Linux command line, please see:"
665
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:740(para)
667
"<ulink url=\"http://linuxcommand.org/\"/>- basic BASH tutorials, including "
671
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:746(para)
673
"<ulink url=\"http://linuxsurvival.com/index.php\"/>- Java-based tutorials"
676
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:752(para)
678
"<ulink url=\"http://rute.2038bug.com/index.html.gz\"/>- a massive online "
679
"book about system administration, almost all from the command line."
682
#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2.
683
#: basic-commands/C/basic-commands.xml:0(None)
684
msgid "translator-credits"
686
"Sebastian Heinlein <glatzor@ubuntu.com>\n"
688
"Launchpad Contributions:\n"
689
" Florian Diesch https://launchpad.net/~diesch\n"
690
" Julian Saraceni https://launchpad.net/~mrigns\n"
691
" Ralf https://launchpad.net/~ralf-weyer\n"
692
" Simon A. Scherr https://launchpad.net/~simon-scherr\n"
693
" Tobias Etzold https://launchpad.net/~rontu\n"
694
" digitaltransparency https://launchpad.net/~the-schmitz\n"
695
" simpson-fan https://launchpad.net/~valentin-steinwandter"