4
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5
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6
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7
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
8
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
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11
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12
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"X-Launchpad-Export-Date: 2011-10-05 10:16+0000\n"
14
"X-Generator: Launchpad (build 14085)\n"
16
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:12(title)
17
msgid "The Basics of <phrase>Kubuntu</phrase>"
20
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:3(title)
21
msgid "Credits and License"
24
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:4(para)
26
"This document is maintained by the Ubuntu documentation team "
27
"(https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam). For a list of contributors, see "
28
"the <ulink url=\"help:/kubuntu/contributors.html\">contributors page</ulink>"
31
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:5(para)
33
"This document is made available under the Creative Commons ShareAlike 2.5 "
37
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:6(para)
39
"You are free to modify, extend, and improve the Ubuntu documentation source "
40
"code under the terms of this license. All derivative works must be released "
44
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:8(para)
46
"This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but "
47
"WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY "
48
"or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AS DESCRIBED IN THE DISCLAIMER."
51
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:11(para)
53
"A copy of the license is available here: <ulink "
54
"url=\"help:/kubuntu/copyright.html\">Creative Commons ShareAlike "
58
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:14(year)
62
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:15(ulink)
63
msgid "Ubuntu Documentation Project"
66
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:15(holder)
67
msgid "Canonical Ltd. and members of the <placeholder-1/>"
70
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:18(publishername)
71
msgid "The Ubuntu Documentation Project"
74
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:15(para)
76
"This document introduces the basics of the <phrase>Kubuntu</phrase> system, "
77
"which are useful for getting started with <phrase>Kubuntu</phrase>."
80
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:24(title)
81
msgid "Command Line or Terminal"
84
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:25(para)
86
"Please see the topic covering the <ulink type=\"help\" "
87
"url=\"help:/kubuntu/cli/\">Command Line</ulink>."
90
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:33(title)
94
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:35(para)
96
"To get a complete understanding of the Linux file system, recommended "
97
"reading is the <ulink url=\"http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-"
98
"Hierarchy/html/\">Linux Filesystem Hierarchy</ulink> documentation hosted by "
99
"<ulink url=\"http://tldp.org/\">The Linux Documentation Project</ulink>."
102
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:42(para)
104
"A filesystem is a method of storing and organizing files, not only in Linux "
105
"but also in other computer operating systems. In Linux, most files are "
106
"<quote>regular files</quote>, except <emphasis>directories</emphasis>, "
107
"<emphasis>special files</emphasis>, <emphasis>links</emphasis>, "
108
"<emphasis>sockets</emphasis>, and <emphasis>named pipes</emphasis>. The most "
109
"common filetypes that users interact with are regular files, directories and "
113
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:51(para)
115
"Opening a terminal (in <phrase>Kubuntu</phrase> this is called "
116
"<application>Konsole</application>) and typing <screen>ls /</screen> brings "
117
"up a list similar to the following: <screen>\n"
144
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:83(para)
145
msgid "Not all lists will look exactly like the one above."
148
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:87(para)
150
"The following is an overview of the files or directories listed above."
153
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:90(title)
154
msgid "Filesystem Overview"
157
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:91(filename)
161
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:93(para)
163
"Contains terminal commands that are useful to system administrators (who "
164
"have full access privileges) and to regular users (who have limited access "
165
"privileges). The commands in this directory are essential to the operation "
166
"of a Linux system. Some of the commands in the <filename "
167
"class=\"directory\">bin</filename> directory are <command>bash</command>, "
168
"<command>ls</command>, <command>cp</command>, and <command>cat</command>."
171
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:103(filename)
175
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:105(para)
177
"Contains the files required for the boot process. In the case of "
178
"<phrase>Kubuntu</phrase>, it contains the files for the "
179
"<application>GRUB2</application> boot-loader, master boot records, map "
180
"files, and the Linux kernel."
183
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:112(filename)
187
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:114(para)
189
"A <abbrev>symlink</abbrev> or <quote>symbolic link</quote> to <filename "
190
"class=\"directory\">/media/cdrom</filename>, which itself is a "
191
"<abbrev>symlink</abbrev> to <filename "
192
"class=\"directory\">/media/cdrom0</filename>. If a <acronym>CD</acronym> is "
193
"placed into the <acronym>CDROM</acronym> drive, the contents of that CD will "
194
"be available in <filename class=\"directory\">/media/cdrom0</filename> "
198
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:124(filename)
202
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:126(para)
204
"Location of special or device files. For example, <filename "
205
"class=\"devicefile\">/dev/sda0</filename> is the first partition on the hard "
209
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:133(filename)
213
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:135(para)
215
"Contains all system-related configuration files, used to control the "
216
"operation of programs."
219
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:141(filename)
223
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:143(para)
225
"Contains a home directory for each user on the system. A user's home "
226
"directory can contain personal configuration files and files such as "
227
"documents, music, video, and other user-defined directories and files."
230
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:150(filename)
234
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:152(para)
236
"A <abbrev>symlink</abbrev> to <filename>/boot/initrd.img-<kernel "
237
"version></filename> which is required for system startup."
240
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:158(filename)
244
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:160(para)
246
"Contains the kernel modules in addition to shared library images needed to "
247
"boot the system and run commands."
250
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:166(filename)
254
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:168(para)
256
"Same as <filename class=\"directory\">lib</filename> above, but contains "
257
"only the 32-bit versions."
260
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:174(filename)
264
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:176(para)
266
"Same as <filename class=\"directory\">lib</filename> above, but contains "
267
"only the 64-bit versions."
270
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:182(filename)
274
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:184(para)
276
"Contains the results of any recovery operation due to an improper shutdown "
277
"of the system or a system crash."
280
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:190(filename)
284
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:192(para)
286
"Contains the subdirectories which are used as mount points for removable "
287
"media such as <acronym>CDROM</acronym> drives, <acronym>USB</acronym> disks, "
291
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:199(filename)
295
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:201(para)
297
"Generic mount point for filesystems or devices. In most cases, <filename "
298
"class=\"directory\">/media</filename> is where most devices will be "
302
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:207(filename)
306
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:209(para)
308
"Short for <quote>optional</quote>. This directory is used for add-on "
309
"packages that are typically installed manually by the user."
312
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:215(filename)
316
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:217(para)
318
"Virtual filesystem that contains runtime system information which is "
319
"presented in a file-like structure."
322
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:223(filename)
326
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:225(para)
328
"The home directory of the system administrator known as <quote>root</quote>."
331
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:230(filename)
335
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:232(para)
337
"Contains programs that are essential to the working of the system, such as "
338
"<command>fdisk</command>, <command>ifconfig</command>, "
339
"<command>reboot</command>, and <command>shutdown</command>."
342
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:239(filename)
346
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:241(para)
348
"A pseudo-filesystem containing the commands used by the kernel subsystem for "
349
"the Security-Enhanced Linux feature."
352
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:247(filename)
356
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:249(para)
357
msgid "Contains site-specific data which is served by the system."
360
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:254(filename)
364
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:256(para)
365
msgid "Contains the Linux kernel, firmware and system-related files."
368
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:261(filename)
372
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:263(para)
374
"Contains files that are required temporarily. Many programs use this "
375
"directory to create lock files and for temporary storage of data."
378
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:269(filename)
382
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:271(para)
384
"Contains the largest share of data on the system, including read-only user "
385
"data, as well as files and programs and such as program binaries, "
386
"documentation, libraries, header files, and more."
389
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:278(filename)
393
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:280(para)
395
"Contains variable data such as system log files, mail and printer spool "
396
"directories, as well as transient and temporary files."
399
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:286(filename)
403
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:288(para)
405
"A <abbrev>symlink</abbrev> to a compressed executable of the Linux kernel."
408
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:298(title)
409
msgid "Users and Groups"
412
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:299(para)
414
"Since Linux is a true multi-user system, the principles of both "
415
"<emphasis>users</emphasis> and <emphasis>groups</emphasis> are important to "
416
"the internal operation of the system, and also to the day-to-day use of the "
417
"system. Linux handling of users and groups is the reason it is one of the "
418
"most secure operating systems."
421
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:307(title)
425
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:308(para)
426
msgid "There are two different types of users:"
429
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:313(para)
431
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Physical Users</emphasis> are people who use the "
432
"system physically. They have user IDs which are usually unique, as well as "
436
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:319(para)
438
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Logical Users</emphasis> are not tied to a person, "
439
"but instead are tied to a system function that are used by applications to "
440
"perform specific tasks. Daemons, mail, news are examples of logical users."
443
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:328(title)
447
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:329(para)
449
"Groups are logical expressions of organization. They tie users together and "
450
"provide group-based, rather than user-based permissions. Common groups "
451
"include <emphasis>admin</emphasis>, <emphasis>audio</emphasis>, "
452
"<emphasis>mail</emphasis>."
455
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:340(title)
459
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:341(para)
461
"In a multi-user environment, security of user and system data is important. "
462
"Linux has three specific, or distinct, classes:"
465
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:347(para)
467
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">r</emphasis> - <emphasis>read</emphasis> "
468
"permission which grants the ability to read a file."
471
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:353(para)
473
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">w</emphasis> - <emphasis>write</emphasis> "
474
"permission which grants the ability to modify a file."
477
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:359(para)
479
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis> - <emphasis>execute</emphasis> "
480
"permission which grants the ability to execute a file."
483
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:365(para)
485
"The list above shows the symbolic notation of each permission in <emphasis "
486
"role=\"strong\">bold</emphasis> text. Each permission also has an octal "
490
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:371(para)
491
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">r</emphasis> - <emphasis>4</emphasis>"
494
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:376(para)
495
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">w</emphasis> - <emphasis>2</emphasis>"
498
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:381(para)
499
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis> - <emphasis>1</emphasis>"
502
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:387(title)
503
msgid "Permissions Example"
506
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:388(para)
508
"To view permissions, type <screen>ls -l ~/</screen> which will output a list "
509
"of the directories and files in the current user's home directory. For "
510
"example: <screen>\n"
511
"drwxr-xr-x 2 username usergroup 4096 2009-12-17 11:10 Documents\n"
512
"</screen> The first column, which contains <emphasis role=\"strong\">drwxr-"
513
"xr-x</emphasis>, can be interpreted as follows:"
516
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:407(entry)
520
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:408(entry)
521
msgid "User Permissions"
524
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:409(entry)
525
msgid "Group Permissions"
528
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:410(entry)
529
msgid "Others Permissions"
532
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:416(emphasis)
536
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:416(emphasis)
540
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:415(entry)
541
msgid "<placeholder-1/> - <placeholder-2/>"
544
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:419(emphasis) ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:485(entry)
548
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:419(emphasis) ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:424(emphasis) ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:428(emphasis)
552
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:420(emphasis)
556
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:420(emphasis) ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:425(emphasis) ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:429(emphasis)
560
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:418(entry)
562
"<placeholder-1/> - <placeholder-2/>, <placeholder-3/> and <placeholder-4/> "
563
"permissions for the user."
566
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:424(emphasis) ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:428(emphasis) ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:475(entry)
570
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:423(entry)
572
"<placeholder-1/> - <placeholder-2/> and <placeholder-3/> permissions for the "
576
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:427(entry)
578
"<placeholder-1/> - <placeholder-2/> and <placeholder-3/> permissions for all "
582
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:437(title)
583
msgid "Octal to Symbolic Summary"
586
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:442(entry)
590
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:443(entry)
594
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:444(entry)
598
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:449(entry)
602
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:450(entry)
606
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:451(entry)
607
msgid "No permissions"
610
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:454(entry)
614
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:455(entry)
618
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:456(entry)
622
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:459(entry)
626
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:460(entry)
630
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:461(entry)
634
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:464(entry)
638
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:465(entry)
642
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:466(entry)
643
msgid "Write and Execute"
646
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:469(entry)
650
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:470(entry)
654
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:471(entry)
658
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:474(entry)
662
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:476(entry)
663
msgid "Read and Execute"
666
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:479(entry)
670
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:480(entry)
674
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:481(entry)
675
msgid "Read and Write"
678
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:484(entry)
682
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:486(entry)
683
msgid "Read, Write, and Execute"
686
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:496(title)
690
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:497(para)
692
"Processes are instances of computer programs that are running. Next to "
693
"files, processes are the second most important part of the Linux system."
696
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:501(title)
697
msgid "Viewing Processes in <phrase>Kubuntu</phrase>"
700
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:502(term)
701
msgid "System Activity"
704
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:504(para)
706
"<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo> - Starts "
707
"<acronym>KDE</acronym>' <application>s System Activity</application> dialog "
708
"where processes can be viewed and killed."
711
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:511(term)
715
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:513(para)
717
"<command>ps</command> - Open <application>Konsole</application> by going to "
718
"<menuchoice><guimenu>Kickoff Application "
719
"Launcher</guimenu><guisubmenu>Applications</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>System</gu"
720
"isubmenu><guimenuitem>Terminal (Konsole)</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and "
721
"type: <screen>ps</screen>"
724
#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
725
#: ../docs/basics/C/basics.xml:0(None)
726
msgid "translator-credits"