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* pti.c - PTI driver for cJTAG data extration
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* Copyright (C) Intel 2010
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* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
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* published by the Free Software Foundation.
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* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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* GNU General Public License for more details.
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* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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* The PTI (Parallel Trace Interface) driver directs trace data routed from
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* various parts in the system out through the Intel Penwell PTI port and
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* out of the mobile device for analysis with a debugging tool
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* (Lauterbach, Fido). This is part of a solution for the MIPI P1149.7,
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* compact JTAG, standard.
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#include <linux/init.h>
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#include <linux/sched.h>
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#include <linux/interrupt.h>
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#include <linux/console.h>
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#include <linux/kernel.h>
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#include <linux/module.h>
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#include <linux/tty.h>
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#include <linux/tty_driver.h>
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#include <linux/pci.h>
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#include <linux/mutex.h>
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#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
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#include <linux/pti.h>
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#include <linux/slab.h>
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#include <linux/uaccess.h>
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#define DRIVERNAME "pti"
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#define PCINAME "pciPTI"
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#define TTYNAME "ttyPTI"
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#define CHARNAME "pti"
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#define PTITTY_MINOR_START 0
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#define PTITTY_MINOR_NUM 2
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#define MAX_APP_IDS 16 /* 128 channel ids / u8 bit size */
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#define MAX_OS_IDS 16 /* 128 channel ids / u8 bit size */
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#define MAX_MODEM_IDS 16 /* 128 channel ids / u8 bit size */
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#define MODEM_BASE_ID 71 /* modem master ID address */
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#define CONTROL_ID 72 /* control master ID address */
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#define CONSOLE_ID 73 /* console master ID address */
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#define OS_BASE_ID 74 /* base OS master ID address */
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#define APP_BASE_ID 80 /* base App master ID address */
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#define CONTROL_FRAME_LEN 32 /* PTI control frame maximum size */
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#define USER_COPY_SIZE 8192 /* 8Kb buffer for user space copy */
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#define APERTURE_14 0x3800000 /* offset to first OS write addr */
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#define APERTURE_LEN 0x400000 /* address length */
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struct pti_masterchannel *mc;
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unsigned long pti_addr;
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unsigned long aperture_base;
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void __iomem *pti_ioaddr;
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u8 ia_app[MAX_APP_IDS];
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u8 ia_modem[MAX_MODEM_IDS];
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* This protects access to ia_app, ia_os, and ia_modem,
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* which keeps track of channels allocated in
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* an aperture write id.
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static DEFINE_MUTEX(alloclock);
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static struct pci_device_id pci_ids[] __devinitconst = {
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{PCI_DEVICE(PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL, 0x82B)},
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static struct tty_driver *pti_tty_driver;
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static struct pti_dev *drv_data;
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static unsigned int pti_console_channel;
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static unsigned int pti_control_channel;
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* pti_write_to_aperture()- The private write function to PTI HW.
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* @mc: The 'aperture'. It's part of a write address that holds
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* a master and channel ID.
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* @buf: Data being written to the HW that will ultimately be seen
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* in a debugging tool (Fido, Lauterbach).
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* @len: Size of buffer.
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* Since each aperture is specified by a unique
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* master/channel ID, no two processes will be writing
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* to the same aperture at the same time so no lock is required. The
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* PTI-Output agent will send these out in the order that they arrived, and
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* thus, it will intermix these messages. The debug tool can then later
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* regroup the appropriate message segments together reconstituting each
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static void pti_write_to_aperture(struct pti_masterchannel *mc,
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u32 __iomem *aperture;
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* calculate the aperture offset from the base using the master and
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aperture = drv_data->pti_ioaddr + (mc->master << 15)
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+ (mc->channel << 8);
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final = len - (dwordcnt << 2); /* final = trailing bytes */
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if (final == 0 && dwordcnt != 0) { /* always need a final dword */
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for (i = 0; i < dwordcnt; i++) {
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ptiword = be32_to_cpu(*(u32 *)p);
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iowrite32(ptiword, aperture);
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aperture += PTI_LASTDWORD_DTS; /* adding DTS signals that is EOM */
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for (i = 0; i < final; i++)
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ptiword |= *p++ << (24-(8*i));
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iowrite32(ptiword, aperture);
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* pti_control_frame_built_and_sent()- control frame build and send function.
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* @mc: The master / channel structure on which the function
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* built a control frame.
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* @thread_name: The thread name associated with the master / channel or
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* 'NULL' if using the 'current' global variable.
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* To be able to post process the PTI contents on host side, a control frame
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* is added before sending any PTI content. So the host side knows on
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* each PTI frame the name of the thread using a dedicated master / channel.
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* The thread name is retrieved from 'current' global variable if 'thread_name'
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* is 'NULL', else it is retrieved from 'thread_name' parameter.
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* This function builds this frame and sends it to a master ID CONTROL_ID.
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* The overhead is only 32 bytes since the driver only writes to HW
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static void pti_control_frame_built_and_sent(struct pti_masterchannel *mc,
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const char *thread_name)
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* Since we access the comm member in current's task_struct, we only
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* need to be as large as what 'comm' in that structure is.
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char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
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struct pti_masterchannel mccontrol = {.master = CONTROL_ID,
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const char *thread_name_p;
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const char *control_format = "%3d %3d %s";
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u8 control_frame[CONTROL_FRAME_LEN];
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get_task_comm(comm, current);
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strncpy(comm, "Interrupt", TASK_COMM_LEN);
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/* Absolutely ensure our buffer is zero terminated. */
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comm[TASK_COMM_LEN-1] = 0;
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thread_name_p = comm;
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thread_name_p = thread_name;
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mccontrol.channel = pti_control_channel;
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pti_control_channel = (pti_control_channel + 1) & 0x7f;
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snprintf(control_frame, CONTROL_FRAME_LEN, control_format, mc->master,
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mc->channel, thread_name_p);
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pti_write_to_aperture(&mccontrol, control_frame, strlen(control_frame));
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* pti_write_full_frame_to_aperture()- high level function to
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* @mc: The 'aperture'. It's part of a write address that holds
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* a master and channel ID.
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* @buf: Data being written to the HW that will ultimately be seen
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* in a debugging tool (Fido, Lauterbach).
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* @len: Size of buffer.
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* All threads sending data (either console, user space application, ...)
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* are calling the high level function to write to PTI meaning that it is
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* possible to add a control frame before sending the content.
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static void pti_write_full_frame_to_aperture(struct pti_masterchannel *mc,
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const unsigned char *buf,
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pti_control_frame_built_and_sent(mc, NULL);
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pti_write_to_aperture(mc, (u8 *)buf, len);
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* get_id()- Allocate a master and channel ID.
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* @id_array: an array of bits representing what channel
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* id's are allocated for writing.
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* @max_ids: The max amount of available write IDs to use.
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* @base_id: The starting SW channel ID, based on the Intel
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* @thread_name: The thread name associated with the master / channel or
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* 'NULL' if using the 'current' global variable.
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* pti_masterchannel struct with master, channel ID address
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* Each bit in the arrays ia_app and ia_os correspond to a master and
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* channel id. The bit is one if the id is taken and 0 if free. For
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* every master there are 128 channel id's.
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static struct pti_masterchannel *get_id(u8 *id_array,
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const char *thread_name)
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struct pti_masterchannel *mc;
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mc = kmalloc(sizeof(struct pti_masterchannel), GFP_KERNEL);
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/* look for a byte with a free bit */
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for (i = 0; i < max_ids; i++)
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if (id_array[i] != 0xff)
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/* find the bit in the 128 possible channel opportunities */
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for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
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if ((id_array[i] & mask) == 0)
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mc->master = base_id;
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mc->channel = ((i & 0xf)<<3) + j;
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/* write new master Id / channel Id allocation to channel control */
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pti_control_frame_built_and_sent(mc, thread_name);
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* The following three functions:
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* pti_request_mastercahannel(), mipi_release_masterchannel()
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* and pti_writedata() are an API for other kernel drivers to
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* pti_request_masterchannel()- Kernel API function used to allocate
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* a master, channel ID address
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* to write to PTI HW.
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* @type: 0- request Application master, channel aperture ID
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* 1- request OS master, channel aperture ID write
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* 2- request Modem master, channel aperture ID
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* Other values, error.
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* @thread_name: The thread name associated with the master / channel or
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* 'NULL' if using the 'current' global variable.
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* pti_masterchannel struct
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struct pti_masterchannel *pti_request_masterchannel(u8 type,
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const char *thread_name)
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struct pti_masterchannel *mc;
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mutex_lock(&alloclock);
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mc = get_id(drv_data->ia_app, MAX_APP_IDS,
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APP_BASE_ID, thread_name);
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mc = get_id(drv_data->ia_os, MAX_OS_IDS,
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OS_BASE_ID, thread_name);
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mc = get_id(drv_data->ia_modem, MAX_MODEM_IDS,
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MODEM_BASE_ID, thread_name);
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mutex_unlock(&alloclock);
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EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pti_request_masterchannel);
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* pti_release_masterchannel()- Kernel API function used to release
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* a master, channel ID address
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* used to write to PTI HW.
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* @mc: master, channel apeture ID address to be released. This
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* will de-allocate the structure via kfree().
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void pti_release_masterchannel(struct pti_masterchannel *mc)
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u8 master, channel, i;
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mutex_lock(&alloclock);
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channel = mc->channel;
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if (master == APP_BASE_ID) {
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drv_data->ia_app[i] &= ~(0x80>>(channel & 0x7));
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} else if (master == OS_BASE_ID) {
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drv_data->ia_os[i] &= ~(0x80>>(channel & 0x7));
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drv_data->ia_modem[i] &= ~(0x80>>(channel & 0x7));
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mutex_unlock(&alloclock);
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EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pti_release_masterchannel);
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* pti_writedata()- Kernel API function used to write trace
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* debugging data to PTI HW.
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* @mc: Master, channel aperture ID address to write to.
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* Null value will return with no write occurring.
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* @buf: Trace debuging data to write to the PTI HW.
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* Null value will return with no write occurring.
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* @count: Size of buf. Value of 0 or a negative number will
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* return with no write occuring.
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void pti_writedata(struct pti_masterchannel *mc, u8 *buf, int count)
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* since this function is exported, this is treated like an
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* API function, thus, all parameters should
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* be checked for validity.
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if ((mc != NULL) && (buf != NULL) && (count > 0))
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pti_write_to_aperture(mc, buf, count);
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EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pti_writedata);
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* pti_pci_remove()- Driver exit method to remove PTI from
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* @pdev: variable containing pci info of PTI.
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static void __devexit pti_pci_remove(struct pci_dev *pdev)
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struct pti_dev *drv_data;
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drv_data = pci_get_drvdata(pdev);
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if (drv_data != NULL) {
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pci_iounmap(pdev, drv_data->pti_ioaddr);
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pci_set_drvdata(pdev, NULL);
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pci_release_region(pdev, 1);
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pci_disable_device(pdev);
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* for the tty_driver_*() basic function descriptions, see tty_driver.h.
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* Specific header comments made for PTI-related specifics.
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* pti_tty_driver_open()- Open an Application master, channel aperture
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* ID to the PTI device via tty device.
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* @tty: tty interface.
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* @filp: filp interface pased to tty_port_open() call.
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* otherwise, fail value
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* The main purpose of using the tty device interface is for
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* each tty port to have a unique PTI write aperture. In an
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* example use case, ttyPTI0 gets syslogd and an APP aperture
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* ID and ttyPTI1 is where the n_tracesink ldisc hooks to route
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* modem messages into PTI. Modem trace data does not have to
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* go to ttyPTI1, but ttyPTI0 and ttyPTI1 do need to be distinct
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* master IDs. These messages go through the PTI HW and out of
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* the handheld platform and to the Fido/Lauterbach device.
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static int pti_tty_driver_open(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file *filp)
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* we actually want to allocate a new channel per open, per
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* system arch. HW gives more than plenty channels for a single
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* system task to have its own channel to write trace data. This
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* also removes a locking requirement for the actual write
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return tty_port_open(&drv_data->port, tty, filp);
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* pti_tty_driver_close()- close tty device and release Application
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* master, channel aperture ID to the PTI device via tty device.
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* @tty: tty interface.
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* @filp: filp interface pased to tty_port_close() call.
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* The main purpose of using the tty device interface is to route
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* syslog daemon messages to the PTI HW and out of the handheld platform
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* and to the Fido/Lauterbach device.
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static void pti_tty_driver_close(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file *filp)
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tty_port_close(&drv_data->port, tty, filp);
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* pti_tty_install()- Used to set up specific master-channels
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* to tty ports for organizational purposes when
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* tracing viewed from debuging tools.
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* @driver: tty driver information.
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* @tty: tty struct containing pti information.
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static int pti_tty_install(struct tty_driver *driver, struct tty_struct *tty)
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int idx = tty->index;
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struct pti_tty *pti_tty_data;
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int ret = tty_init_termios(tty);
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tty_driver_kref_get(driver);
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driver->ttys[idx] = tty;
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pti_tty_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct pti_tty), GFP_KERNEL);
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if (pti_tty_data == NULL)
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if (idx == PTITTY_MINOR_START)
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pti_tty_data->mc = pti_request_masterchannel(0, NULL);
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pti_tty_data->mc = pti_request_masterchannel(2, NULL);
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if (pti_tty_data->mc == NULL) {
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tty->driver_data = pti_tty_data;
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* pti_tty_cleanup()- Used to de-allocate master-channel resources
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* tied to tty's of this driver.
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* @tty: tty struct containing pti information.
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static void pti_tty_cleanup(struct tty_struct *tty)
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struct pti_tty *pti_tty_data = tty->driver_data;
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if (pti_tty_data == NULL)
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pti_release_masterchannel(pti_tty_data->mc);
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tty->driver_data = NULL;
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* pti_tty_driver_write()- Write trace debugging data through the char
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* interface to the PTI HW. Part of the misc device implementation.
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* @filp: Contains private data which is used to obtain
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* master, channel write ID.
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* @data: trace data to be written.
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* @len: # of byte to write.
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* int, # of bytes written
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static int pti_tty_driver_write(struct tty_struct *tty,
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const unsigned char *buf, int len)
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struct pti_tty *pti_tty_data = tty->driver_data;
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if ((pti_tty_data != NULL) && (pti_tty_data->mc != NULL)) {
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pti_write_to_aperture(pti_tty_data->mc, (u8 *)buf, len);
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* we can't write to the pti hardware if the private driver_data
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* and the mc address is not there.
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* pti_tty_write_room()- Always returns 2048.
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* @tty: contains tty info of the pti driver.
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static int pti_tty_write_room(struct tty_struct *tty)
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* pti_char_open()- Open an Application master, channel aperture
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* ID to the PTI device. Part of the misc device implementation.
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* @filp: Output- will have a masterchannel struct set containing
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* the allocated application PTI aperture write address.
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* otherwise, a fail value
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static int pti_char_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
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struct pti_masterchannel *mc;
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* We really do want to fail immediately if
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* pti_request_masterchannel() fails,
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* before assigning the value to filp->private_data.
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* Slightly easier to debug if this driver needs debugging.
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mc = pti_request_masterchannel(0, NULL);
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filp->private_data = mc;
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* pti_char_release()- Close a char channel to the PTI device. Part
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* of the misc device implementation.
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* @inode: Not used in this implementaiton.
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* @filp: Contains private_data that contains the master, channel
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* ID to be released by the PTI device.
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static int pti_char_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
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pti_release_masterchannel(filp->private_data);
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filp->private_data = NULL;
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* pti_char_write()- Write trace debugging data through the char
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* interface to the PTI HW. Part of the misc device implementation.
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* @filp: Contains private data which is used to obtain
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* master, channel write ID.
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* @data: trace data to be written.
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* @len: # of byte to write.
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* @ppose: Not used in this function implementation.
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* int, # of bytes written
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* otherwise, error value
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* Notes: From side discussions with Alan Cox and experimenting
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* with PTI debug HW like Nokia's Fido box and Lauterbach
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* devices, 8192 byte write buffer used by USER_COPY_SIZE was
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* deemed an appropriate size for this type of usage with
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static ssize_t pti_char_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *data,
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size_t len, loff_t *ppose)
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struct pti_masterchannel *mc;
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const char __user *tmp;
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size_t size = USER_COPY_SIZE;
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mc = filp->private_data;
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kbuf = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
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pr_err("%s(%d): buf allocation failed\n",
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if (len - n > USER_COPY_SIZE)
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size = USER_COPY_SIZE;
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if (copy_from_user(kbuf, tmp, size)) {
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return n ? n : -EFAULT;
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pti_write_to_aperture(mc, kbuf, size);
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static const struct tty_operations pti_tty_driver_ops = {
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.open = pti_tty_driver_open,
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.close = pti_tty_driver_close,
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.write = pti_tty_driver_write,
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.write_room = pti_tty_write_room,
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.install = pti_tty_install,
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.cleanup = pti_tty_cleanup
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static const struct file_operations pti_char_driver_ops = {
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.owner = THIS_MODULE,
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.write = pti_char_write,
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.open = pti_char_open,
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.release = pti_char_release,
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static struct miscdevice pti_char_driver = {
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.minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
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.fops = &pti_char_driver_ops
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* pti_console_write()- Write to the console that has been acquired.
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* @c: Not used in this implementaiton.
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* @buf: Data to be written.
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* @len: Length of buf.
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static void pti_console_write(struct console *c, const char *buf, unsigned len)
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static struct pti_masterchannel mc = {.master = CONSOLE_ID,
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mc.channel = pti_console_channel;
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pti_console_channel = (pti_console_channel + 1) & 0x7f;
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pti_write_full_frame_to_aperture(&mc, buf, len);
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* pti_console_device()- Return the driver tty structure and set the
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* associated index implementation.
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* @c: Console device of the driver.
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* @index: index associated with c.
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* always value of pti_tty_driver structure when this function
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static struct tty_driver *pti_console_device(struct console *c, int *index)
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return pti_tty_driver;
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* pti_console_setup()- Initialize console variables used by the driver.
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static int pti_console_setup(struct console *c, char *opts)
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pti_console_channel = 0;
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pti_control_channel = 0;
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* pti_console struct, used to capture OS printk()'s and shift
747
* out to the PTI device for debugging. This cannot be
748
* enabled upon boot because of the possibility of eating
749
* any serial console printk's (race condition discovered).
750
* The console should be enabled upon when the tty port is
751
* used for the first time. Since the primary purpose for
752
* the tty port is to hook up syslog to it, the tty port
753
* will be open for a really long time.
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static struct console pti_console = {
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.write = pti_console_write,
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.device = pti_console_device,
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.setup = pti_console_setup,
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.flags = CON_PRINTBUFFER,
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* pti_port_activate()- Used to start/initialize any items upon
766
* first opening of tty_port().
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* @port- The tty port number of the PTI device.
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* @tty- The tty struct associated with this device.
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* Notes: The primary purpose of the PTI tty port 0 is to hook
775
* the syslog daemon to it; thus this port will be open for a
778
static int pti_port_activate(struct tty_port *port, struct tty_struct *tty)
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if (port->tty->index == PTITTY_MINOR_START)
781
console_start(&pti_console);
786
* pti_port_shutdown()- Used to stop/shutdown any items upon the
787
* last tty port close.
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* @port- The tty port number of the PTI device.
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* Notes: The primary purpose of the PTI tty port 0 is to hook
792
* the syslog daemon to it; thus this port will be open for a
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static void pti_port_shutdown(struct tty_port *port)
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if (port->tty->index == PTITTY_MINOR_START)
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console_stop(&pti_console);
801
static const struct tty_port_operations tty_port_ops = {
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.activate = pti_port_activate,
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.shutdown = pti_port_shutdown,
807
* Note the _probe() call sets everything up and ties the char and tty
808
* to successfully detecting the PTI device on the pci bus.
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* pti_pci_probe()- Used to detect pti on the pci bus and set
813
* things up in the driver.
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* @pdev- pci_dev struct values for pti.
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* @ent- pci_device_id struct for pti driver.
822
static int __devinit pti_pci_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev,
823
const struct pci_device_id *ent)
825
int retval = -EINVAL;
828
dev_dbg(&pdev->dev, "%s %s(%d): PTI PCI ID %04x:%04x\n", __FILE__,
829
__func__, __LINE__, pdev->vendor, pdev->device);
831
retval = misc_register(&pti_char_driver);
833
pr_err("%s(%d): CHAR registration failed of pti driver\n",
835
pr_err("%s(%d): Error value returned: %d\n",
836
__func__, __LINE__, retval);
840
retval = pci_enable_device(pdev);
843
"%s: pci_enable_device() returned error %d\n",
848
drv_data = kzalloc(sizeof(*drv_data), GFP_KERNEL);
850
if (drv_data == NULL) {
853
"%s(%d): kmalloc() returned NULL memory.\n",
857
drv_data->pti_addr = pci_resource_start(pdev, pci_bar);
859
retval = pci_request_region(pdev, pci_bar, dev_name(&pdev->dev));
862
"%s(%d): pci_request_region() returned error %d\n",
863
__func__, __LINE__, retval);
867
drv_data->aperture_base = drv_data->pti_addr+APERTURE_14;
868
drv_data->pti_ioaddr =
869
ioremap_nocache((u32)drv_data->aperture_base,
871
if (!drv_data->pti_ioaddr) {
872
pci_release_region(pdev, pci_bar);
878
pci_set_drvdata(pdev, drv_data);
880
tty_port_init(&drv_data->port);
881
drv_data->port.ops = &tty_port_ops;
883
tty_register_device(pti_tty_driver, 0, &pdev->dev);
884
tty_register_device(pti_tty_driver, 1, &pdev->dev);
886
register_console(&pti_console);
891
static struct pci_driver pti_pci_driver = {
894
.probe = pti_pci_probe,
895
.remove = pti_pci_remove,
900
* pti_init()- Overall entry/init call to the pti driver.
901
* It starts the registration process with the kernel.
904
* int __init, 0 for success
905
* otherwise value is an error
908
static int __init pti_init(void)
910
int retval = -EINVAL;
912
/* First register module as tty device */
914
pti_tty_driver = alloc_tty_driver(1);
915
if (pti_tty_driver == NULL) {
916
pr_err("%s(%d): Memory allocation failed for ptiTTY driver\n",
921
pti_tty_driver->owner = THIS_MODULE;
922
pti_tty_driver->magic = TTY_DRIVER_MAGIC;
923
pti_tty_driver->driver_name = DRIVERNAME;
924
pti_tty_driver->name = TTYNAME;
925
pti_tty_driver->major = 0;
926
pti_tty_driver->minor_start = PTITTY_MINOR_START;
927
pti_tty_driver->minor_num = PTITTY_MINOR_NUM;
928
pti_tty_driver->num = PTITTY_MINOR_NUM;
929
pti_tty_driver->type = TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_SYSTEM;
930
pti_tty_driver->subtype = SYSTEM_TYPE_SYSCONS;
931
pti_tty_driver->flags = TTY_DRIVER_REAL_RAW |
932
TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_DEV;
933
pti_tty_driver->init_termios = tty_std_termios;
935
tty_set_operations(pti_tty_driver, &pti_tty_driver_ops);
937
retval = tty_register_driver(pti_tty_driver);
939
pr_err("%s(%d): TTY registration failed of pti driver\n",
941
pr_err("%s(%d): Error value returned: %d\n",
942
__func__, __LINE__, retval);
944
pti_tty_driver = NULL;
948
retval = pci_register_driver(&pti_pci_driver);
951
pr_err("%s(%d): PCI registration failed of pti driver\n",
953
pr_err("%s(%d): Error value returned: %d\n",
954
__func__, __LINE__, retval);
956
tty_unregister_driver(pti_tty_driver);
957
pr_err("%s(%d): Unregistering TTY part of pti driver\n",
959
pti_tty_driver = NULL;
967
* pti_exit()- Unregisters this module as a tty and pci driver.
969
static void __exit pti_exit(void)
973
tty_unregister_device(pti_tty_driver, 0);
974
tty_unregister_device(pti_tty_driver, 1);
976
retval = tty_unregister_driver(pti_tty_driver);
978
pr_err("%s(%d): TTY unregistration failed of pti driver\n",
980
pr_err("%s(%d): Error value returned: %d\n",
981
__func__, __LINE__, retval);
984
pci_unregister_driver(&pti_pci_driver);
986
retval = misc_deregister(&pti_char_driver);
988
pr_err("%s(%d): CHAR unregistration failed of pti driver\n",
990
pr_err("%s(%d): Error value returned: %d\n",
991
__func__, __LINE__, retval);
994
unregister_console(&pti_console);
998
module_init(pti_init);
999
module_exit(pti_exit);
1001
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
1002
MODULE_AUTHOR("Ken Mills, Jay Freyensee");
1003
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("PTI Driver");