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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
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// All rights reserved.
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// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
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// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
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// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
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// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
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// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
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// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
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// this software without specific prior written permission.
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// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
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// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
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// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
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// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
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// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
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// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
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// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
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// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
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// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
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// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework
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// This file implements a universal value printer that can print a
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// value of any type T:
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// void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr);
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// It uses the << operator when possible, and prints the bytes in the
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// object otherwise. A user can override its behavior for a class
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// type Foo by defining either operator<<(::std::ostream&, const Foo&)
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// or void PrintTo(const Foo&, ::std::ostream*) in the namespace that
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#include "gtest/gtest-printers.h"
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#include <ostream> // NOLINT
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#include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
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#include "src/gtest-internal-inl.h"
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// Prints a segment of bytes in the given object.
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
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void PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t start,
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size_t count, ostream* os) {
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for (size_t i = 0; i != count; i++) {
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const size_t j = start + i;
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// Organizes the bytes into groups of 2 for easy parsing by
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GTEST_SNPRINTF_(text, sizeof(text), "%02X", obj_bytes[j]);
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// Prints the bytes in the given value to the given ostream.
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void PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t count,
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// Tells the user how big the object is.
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*os << count << "-byte object <";
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const size_t kThreshold = 132;
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const size_t kChunkSize = 64;
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// If the object size is bigger than kThreshold, we'll have to omit
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// some details by printing only the first and the last kChunkSize
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if (count < kThreshold) {
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PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, count, os);
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PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, kChunkSize, os);
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// Rounds up to 2-byte boundary.
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const size_t resume_pos = (count - kChunkSize + 1)/2*2;
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PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, resume_pos, count - resume_pos, os);
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namespace internal2 {
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// Delegates to PrintBytesInObjectToImpl() to print the bytes in the
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// given object. The delegation simplifies the implementation, which
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// uses the << operator and thus is easier done outside of the
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// ::testing::internal namespace, which contains a << operator that
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// sometimes conflicts with the one in STL.
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void PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, size_t count,
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PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(obj_bytes, count, os);
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} // namespace internal2
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// Depending on the value of a char (or wchar_t), we print it in one
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// - as is if it's a printable ASCII (e.g. 'a', '2', ' '),
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// - as a hexadecimal escape sequence (e.g. '\x7F'), or
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// - as a special escape sequence (e.g. '\r', '\n').
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// Returns true if c is a printable ASCII character. We test the
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// value of c directly instead of calling isprint(), which is buggy on
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inline bool IsPrintableAscii(wchar_t c) {
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return 0x20 <= c && c <= 0x7E;
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// Prints a wide or narrow char c as a character literal without the
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// quotes, escaping it when necessary; returns how c was formatted.
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// The template argument UnsignedChar is the unsigned version of Char,
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// which is the type of c.
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template <typename UnsignedChar, typename Char>
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static CharFormat PrintAsCharLiteralTo(Char c, ostream* os) {
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wchar_t w_c = static_cast<wchar_t>(c);
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if (IsPrintableAscii(w_c)) {
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*os << static_cast<char>(c);
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ostream::fmtflags flags = os->flags();
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*os << "\\x" << std::hex << std::uppercase
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<< static_cast<int>(static_cast<UnsignedChar>(c));
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return kSpecialEscape;
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// Prints a wchar_t c as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
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// necessary; returns how c was formatted.
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static CharFormat PrintAsStringLiteralTo(wchar_t c, ostream* os) {
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return kSpecialEscape;
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return PrintAsCharLiteralTo<wchar_t>(c, os);
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// Prints a char c as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
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// necessary; returns how c was formatted.
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static CharFormat PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char c, ostream* os) {
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return PrintAsStringLiteralTo(
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static_cast<wchar_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)), os);
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// Prints a wide or narrow character c and its code. '\0' is printed
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// as "'\\0'", other unprintable characters are also properly escaped
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// using the standard C++ escape sequence. The template argument
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// UnsignedChar is the unsigned version of Char, which is the type of c.
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template <typename UnsignedChar, typename Char>
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void PrintCharAndCodeTo(Char c, ostream* os) {
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// First, print c as a literal in the most readable form we can find.
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*os << ((sizeof(c) > 1) ? "L'" : "'");
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const CharFormat format = PrintAsCharLiteralTo<UnsignedChar>(c, os);
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// To aid user debugging, we also print c's code in decimal, unless
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// it's 0 (in which case c was printed as '\\0', making the code
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*os << " (" << static_cast<int>(c);
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// For more convenience, we print c's code again in hexadecimal,
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// unless c was already printed in the form '\x##' or the code is in
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if (format == kHexEscape || (1 <= c && c <= 9)) {
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*os << ", 0x" << String::FormatHexInt(static_cast<int>(c));
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void PrintTo(unsigned char c, ::std::ostream* os) {
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PrintCharAndCodeTo<unsigned char>(c, os);
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void PrintTo(signed char c, ::std::ostream* os) {
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PrintCharAndCodeTo<unsigned char>(c, os);
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// Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal
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// code otherwise and also as its code. L'\0' is printed as "L'\\0'".
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void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ostream* os) {
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PrintCharAndCodeTo<wchar_t>(wc, os);
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// Prints the given array of characters to the ostream. CharType must be either
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// The array starts at begin, the length is len, it may include '\0' characters
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// and may not be NUL-terminated.
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template <typename CharType>
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
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static CharFormat PrintCharsAsStringTo(
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const CharType* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
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const char* const kQuoteBegin = sizeof(CharType) == 1 ? "\"" : "L\"";
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bool is_previous_hex = false;
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CharFormat print_format = kAsIs;
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for (size_t index = 0; index < len; ++index) {
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const CharType cur = begin[index];
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if (is_previous_hex && IsXDigit(cur)) {
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// Previous character is of '\x..' form and this character can be
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// interpreted as another hexadecimal digit in its number. Break string to
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*os << "\" " << kQuoteBegin;
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is_previous_hex = PrintAsStringLiteralTo(cur, os) == kHexEscape;
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// Remember if any characters required hex escaping.
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if (is_previous_hex) {
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print_format = kHexEscape;
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// Prints a (const) char/wchar_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
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// 'begin'. CharType must be either char or wchar_t.
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template <typename CharType>
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
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GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
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static void UniversalPrintCharArray(
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const CharType* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
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// const char kFoo[] = "foo";
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// generates an array of 4, not 3, elements, with the last one being '\0'.
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// Therefore when printing a char array, we don't print the last element if
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// it's '\0', such that the output matches the string literal as it's
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// written in the source code.
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if (len > 0 && begin[len - 1] == '\0') {
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PrintCharsAsStringTo(begin, len - 1, os);
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// If, however, the last element in the array is not '\0', e.g.
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// const char kFoo[] = { 'f', 'o', 'o' };
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// we must print the entire array. We also print a message to indicate
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// that the array is not NUL-terminated.
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PrintCharsAsStringTo(begin, len, os);
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*os << " (no terminating NUL)";
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// Prints a (const) char array of 'len' elements, starting at address 'begin'.
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void UniversalPrintArray(const char* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
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UniversalPrintCharArray(begin, len, os);
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// Prints a (const) wchar_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
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void UniversalPrintArray(const wchar_t* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
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UniversalPrintCharArray(begin, len, os);
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// Prints the given C string to the ostream.
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void PrintTo(const char* s, ostream* os) {
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*os << ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
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PrintCharsAsStringTo(s, strlen(s), os);
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// MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
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// of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
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// would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
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// possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
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// memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
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// wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
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#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
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// Prints the given wide C string to the ostream.
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void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s, ostream* os) {
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*os << ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
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PrintCharsAsStringTo(s, wcslen(s), os);
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#endif // wchar_t is native
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bool ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(const char* str, size_t length) {
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const unsigned char *s = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str);
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for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
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unsigned char ch = *s++;
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if (std::iscntrl(ch)) {
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bool IsUTF8TrailByte(unsigned char t) { return 0x80 <= t && t<= 0xbf; }
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bool IsValidUTF8(const char* str, size_t length) {
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const unsigned char *s = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str);
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for (size_t i = 0; i < length;) {
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unsigned char lead = s[i++];
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continue; // single-byte character (ASCII) 0..7F
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return false; // trail byte or non-shortest form
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} else if (lead <= 0xdf && (i + 1) <= length && IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i])) {
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++i; // 2-byte character
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} else if (0xe0 <= lead && lead <= 0xef && (i + 2) <= length &&
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IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i]) &&
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IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 1]) &&
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// check for non-shortest form and surrogate
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(lead != 0xe0 || s[i] >= 0xa0) &&
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(lead != 0xed || s[i] < 0xa0)) {
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i += 2; // 3-byte character
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} else if (0xf0 <= lead && lead <= 0xf4 && (i + 3) <= length &&
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IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i]) &&
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IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 1]) &&
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IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 2]) &&
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// check for non-shortest form
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(lead != 0xf0 || s[i] >= 0x90) &&
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(lead != 0xf4 || s[i] < 0x90)) {
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i += 3; // 4-byte character
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void ConditionalPrintAsText(const char* str, size_t length, ostream* os) {
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if (!ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(str, length) &&
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IsValidUTF8(str, length)) {
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*os << "\n As Text: \"" << str << "\"";
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} // anonymous namespace
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void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string& s, ostream* os) {
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if (PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os) == kHexEscape) {
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if (GTEST_FLAG(print_utf8)) {
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ConditionalPrintAsText(s.data(), s.size(), os);
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#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
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void PrintWideStringTo(const ::std::wstring& s, ostream* os) {
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PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
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#endif // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
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} // namespace internal
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} // namespace testing