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<title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>
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<pubdate>Version 1.2, November 2002</pubdate>
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<copyright><year>2000,2001,2002</year>
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<holder>Free Software Foundation, Inc.</holder></copyright>
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<legalnotice id="gfdl-legalnotice">
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<para><address>Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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<street>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor</street>,
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<postcode>02110-1301</postcode>
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<country>USA</country>
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<para>Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.</para>
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<releaseinfo>Version 1.2, November 2002</releaseinfo>
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<title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>
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<section id="gfdl-0"><title>PREAMBLE</title>
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<para>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or
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other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
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assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with
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or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
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Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
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to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
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modifications made by others.</para>
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<para>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
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works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
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complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license
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designed for free software.</para>
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<para>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
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free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
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program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
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software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
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can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
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whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
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principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</para>
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<section id="gfdl-1"><title>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</title>
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<para id="gfdl-doc">This License applies to any manual or other work, in
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any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying
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it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
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grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use
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that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
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refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
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licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
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copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under
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<para id="gfdl-mod-ver">A "Modified Version" of the Document means any
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work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim,
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or with modifications and/or translated into another language.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-secnd-sect">A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or
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a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
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relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
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Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing
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that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the
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Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may
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not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
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historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
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legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
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regarding them.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-inv-sect">The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary
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Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
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Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under
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this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
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Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The
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Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not
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identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-cov-text">The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of
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text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
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notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A
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Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at
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<para id="gfdl-transparent">A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
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machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is
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available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the
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document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
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composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
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available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
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formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable
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for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent
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file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to
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thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
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Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any
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substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called
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<para>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or
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XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,
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PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
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transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
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include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
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proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
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processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
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HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output
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purposes only.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-title-page">The "Title Page" means, for a printed book,
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the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold,
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legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page.
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For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
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Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's
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title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-entitled">A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit
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of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in
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parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language.
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(Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
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"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To
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"Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document
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means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this
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<para>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
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which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
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Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License,
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but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that
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these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the
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meaning of this License.</para>
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<section id="gfdl-2"><title>VERBATIM COPYING</title>
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<para>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
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copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to
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the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
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conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
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technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying
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of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
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compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
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number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
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<para>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
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and you may publicly display copies.</para>
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<section id="gfdl-3"><title>COPYING IN QUANTITY</title>
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<para>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
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have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
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Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
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copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:
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Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back
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cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
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publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title
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with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
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other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited
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to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
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satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
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<para>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
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legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
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reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
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<para>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
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numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
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Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each
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Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
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network-using public has access to download using public-standard
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network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of
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added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably
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prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity,
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to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the
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stated location until at least one year after the last time you
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distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers)
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of that edition to the public.</para>
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<para>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
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the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
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give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
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<section id="gfdl-4"><title>MODIFICATIONS</title>
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<para>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
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under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
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release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
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Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
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distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
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possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
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Modified Version:</para>
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<orderedlist id="gfdl-modif-cond" numeration="upperalpha">
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<title>GNU FDL Modification Conditions</title>
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<listitem><simpara>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a
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title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
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versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History
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section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous
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version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
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persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
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the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
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authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer
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than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>State on the Title page the name of the publisher of
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the Modified Version, as the publisher.</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
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modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a
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license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
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Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the
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<link linkend="gfdl-addendum">Addendum</link> below.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
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Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
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license notice.</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its
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Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
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authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title
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Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document,
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create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
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Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the
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Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Preserve the network location, if any, given in the
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Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
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likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous
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versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History"
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section. You may omit a network location for a work that was
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published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the
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original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or
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"Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
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section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
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acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
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unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
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equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".
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Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
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"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
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</simpara></listitem>
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<para>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
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appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
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copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
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of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
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list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
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These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.</para>
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<para>You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it
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contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
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been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
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<para>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
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and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the
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list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
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Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
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arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
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a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
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arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may
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not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission
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from the previous publisher that added the old one.</para>
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<para>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
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License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
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assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</para>
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<section id="gfdl-5"><title>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</title>
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<para>You may combine the Document with other documents released under
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this License, under the terms defined in <link linkend="gfdl-4">section
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4</link> above for modified versions, provided that you include in the
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combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original
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documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
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combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
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Warranty Disclaimers.</para>
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<para>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
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multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
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copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
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different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding
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at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
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publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the
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same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections
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in the license notice of the combined work.</para>
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<para>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
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"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
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Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
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"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must
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delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".</para>
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<section id="gfdl-6"><title>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</title>
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<para>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
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documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies
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of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is
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included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this
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License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
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<para>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
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distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
342
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
343
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
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<section id="gfdl-7"><title>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</title>
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<para>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
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separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
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storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
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copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal
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rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works
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permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does
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not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
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derivative works of the Document.</para>
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<para>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
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copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
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the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers
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that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic
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equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise
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they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
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<section id="gfdl-8"><title>TRANSLATION</title>
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<para>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
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distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
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Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
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permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
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translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
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original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
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translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
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Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
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the original English version of this License and the original versions
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of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the
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translation and the original version of this License or a notice or
380
disclaimer, the original version will prevail.</para>
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<para>If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
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"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its
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Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
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<section id="gfdl-9"><title>TERMINATION</title>
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<para>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
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except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt
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to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
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automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
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parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License
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will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain
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in full compliance.</para>
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<section id="gfdl-10"><title>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</title>
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<para>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
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the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
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will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
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detail to address new problems or concerns. See
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http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.</para>
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<para>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
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number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of
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this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option
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of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version
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or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
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Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
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number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
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as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.</para>
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<section id="gfdl-addendum"><title>ADDENDUM: How to use this License for
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your documents</title>
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<para>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy
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of the License in the document and put the following copyright and
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license notices just after the title page:</para>
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<blockquote id="copyright-sample">
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<title>Sample Invariant Sections list</title><para>
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Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Free Documentation License".
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<para>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
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Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:</para>
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<blockquote id="inv-cover-sample">
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<title>Sample Invariant Sections list</title>
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with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
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Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
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<para>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
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<para>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
451
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
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their use in free software.</para>