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<!ENTITY % globalent SYSTEM "../../../libs/global.ent">
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<!-- NAMES --><!ENTITY canonical-name "Canonical Ltd.">
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<!ENTITY project-name "Ubuntu Documentation Project">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu "<phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>">
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<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY distro-version "Hardy Heron">
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<!ENTITY distro-rev "8.04">
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<!ENTITY distro-release-date "April 2008">
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<!ENTITY distro-short-codename "hardy">
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<!ENTITY linux-kernel-version "2.6.24">
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<!ENTITY gcc-version "4.2.3">
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<!ENTITY glibc-version "2.7">
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<!ENTITY python-version "2.5.2">
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<!-- AUTHORS --><!ENTITY author-ubuntu-documentation-project SYSTEM "../common/authors/ubuntu-documentation-project.xml">
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<!ENTITY glossary SYSTEM "../common/C/glossary.xml">
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<!-- LEGAL URLs --><!ENTITY gpl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc "http://creativecommons.org/">
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<!ENTITY cc-attrib '<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/">Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc-fulldeed-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode/">
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<!ENTITY fdl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc-disclaimer-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/disclaimer-popup?lang=en">
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<!-- CANONICAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY canonical-url "http://www.canonical.com">
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<!-- OTHER UBUNTU RELATED RESOURCES --><!ENTITY upstart-url "http://upstart.ubuntu.com">
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<!-- UBUNTU IRC INFORMATION --><!ENTITY irc-network "Freenode">
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<!ENTITY irc-server "irc.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #ubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY xubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #xubuntu">
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<!ENTITY edubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #edubuntu">
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<!-- UBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY ubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-dpkgfile "ubuntu5.10.tar">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-web "http://www.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-main "http://www.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-download "http://www.ubuntu.com/download">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-forums "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-components "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-wiki "http://wiki.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-bugzilla "https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+bugs">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-bugs "https://launchpad.net/products/ubuntu-doc/+bugs">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-support "http://www.ubuntu.com/support">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-paidsupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/paid">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-freesupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/free">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-comments "http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=21787">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation "http://help.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation-repos "https://docteam.ubuntu.com/repos/trunk">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-team "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-list "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-doc">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-shipit "http://shipit.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-launchpad "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-rosetta "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com/rosetta">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-planet "http://planet.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-philosophy "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-participate "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-marketplace "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/marketplace">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-hwdb "http://hwdb.ubuntu.com">
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<!-- UBUNTU WIKI RESOURCES --><!ENTITY wiki-UserDocumentation "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UserDocumentation">
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<!ENTITY restricted-formats "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats">
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<!ENTITY wiki-RestrictedFormats "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats">
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<!ENTITY wiki-XChatHowto "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/XChatHowto">
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<!ENTITY wiki-RootSudo "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">
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<!ENTITY wiki-HowToGetHelp "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToGetHelp">
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<!ENTITY transcode "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DVDRippingandEncoding">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Wine "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Wine">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Cedega "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Cedega">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Nano "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NanoHowto">
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<!ENTITY wiki-locoteams "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeamList">
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<!ENTITY wiki-BasicCommands "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BasicCommands">
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<!ENTITY wiki-filepermissions "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FilePermissions">
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<!-- KUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY kubuntu-web "http://www.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-main "http://www.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-download "http://releases.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com/edgy/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-cdpackages-nodefault "http://people.ubuntu.com/~cjwatson/seeds/kubuntu-edgy/ship">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-users/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-users "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-users/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-devel "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-devel/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-mirrors "http://distrowatch.com/kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums "http://kubuntuforums.net">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki "https://wiki.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-documentation-site "http://www.kubuntu.org/documentation.php">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki-UserDocumentation "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UserDocumentation">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-support "http://www.kubuntu.org/support.php">
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<!-- XUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY xubuntu-web "http://www.xubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY xubuntu-main "http://www.xubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY xubuntu-web-help "http://www.xubuntu.org/help">
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<!-- DEBIAN RESOURCES --><!ENTITY debian-apt "http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">
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<!-- EXTERNAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY linmodem "http://www.linmodems.org/">
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<!ENTITY gnome "http://www.gnome.org/">
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<!ENTITY linuxorg "http://www.linux.org/">
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<!ENTITY ooo "http://www.openoffice.org/">
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<!ENTITY kde "http://www.kde.org/">
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<!ENTITY lugww "http://lugww.counter.li.org/">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-watch "http://distrowatch.com/ubuntu/">
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<!ENTITY realplayer-download "http://www.real.com/linux/">
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<!ENTITY nvu-download "http://www.nvu.com/download.html">
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<!ENTITY sunjava-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
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<!ENTITY xorg "http://www.x.org">
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<!ENTITY dyndns "http://www.dyndns.org">
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<!ENTITY shoutcast "http://www.shoutcast.com/">
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<!ENTITY freedomtoaster "http://www.freedomtoaster.org/">
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<!ENTITY xfce "http://www.xfce.org/">
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<!-- ubuntu-screenshots TODO --><!ENTITY kubuntu-screenshots "http://shots.osdir.com/">
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<!ENTITY mozilla "http://www.mozilla.org/">
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<!ENTITY mozilla-firefox "http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/">
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<!ENTITY gnu "http://www.gnu.org/">
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<!ENTITY gnu-philosophy "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/">
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<!ENTITY win4lin "http://www.win4lin.com">
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<!ENTITY codeweavers "http://www.codeweavers.com">
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<!ENTITY kernel "http://www.kernel.org">
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<!ENTITY google "http://www.google.com">
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<!ENTITY kdelook " http://www.kde-look.org">
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<!ENTITY lulu-store "http://www.lulu.com/ubuntu-doc">
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<!-- this entity controls the url for addons--><!ENTITY java-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
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<!ENTITY skype-deb "skype_1.2.0.17-1_i386.deb">
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<!ENTITY skype-download "http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb">
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<!ENTITY scanmodem-gz "scanModem.gz">
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<!ENTITY scanmodem-url "http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/packages/scanModem.gz">
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<!ENTITY ext2fs-url "http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html">
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<!ENTITY mvb-tar "mvb_1.6.tgz">
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<!ENTITY mvb-url "http://www.xscd.com/pub/mvb/&mvb-tar;">
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<!-- TLDP --><!ENTITY ldp-pre-install-check "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Pre-Installation-Checklist/">
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<!-- LANGUAGES (sorted by two letter code)--><!ENTITY Afar "aa">
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<!ENTITY Abkhazian "ab">
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<!ENTITY Afrikaans "af">
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<!ENTITY Amharic "af">
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<!ENTITY Arabic "ar">
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<!ENTITY Assamese "as">
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<!ENTITY Aymara "ay">
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<!ENTITY Azerbaijani "az">
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<!ENTITY Bashkir "ba">
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<!ENTITY Byelorussian "be">
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<!ENTITY Bulgarian "bg">
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<!ENTITY Bihari "bh">
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<!ENTITY Bislama "bi">
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<!ENTITY Bangla "bn">
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<!ENTITY Bengali "bn">
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<!ENTITY Tibetan "bo">
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<!ENTITY Breton "br">
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<!ENTITY Catalan "ca">
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<!ENTITY Corsican "co">
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<!ENTITY Danish "da">
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<!ENTITY German "de">
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<!ENTITY Bhutani "dz">
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<!-- <!ENTITY EnglishAmerican 'en'> --><!ENTITY EnglishAmerican "C">
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<!ENTITY Esperanto "eo">
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<!ENTITY Spanish "es">
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<!ENTITY Estonian "et">
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<!ENTITY Basque "eu">
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<!ENTITY Persian "fa">
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<!ENTITY Finnish "fi">
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<!ENTITY Faeroese "fo">
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<!ENTITY French "fr">
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<!ENTITY Frisian "fy">
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<!ENTITY Gaelic "gd">
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<!ENTITY ScotsGaelic "gd">
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<!ENTITY Galician "gl">
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<!ENTITY Guarani "gn">
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<!ENTITY Gujarati "gu">
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<!ENTITY Croatian "hr">
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<!ENTITY Hungarian "hu">
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<!ENTITY Armenian "hy">
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<!ENTITY Interlingua "ia">
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<!ENTITY Interlingue "ie">
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<!ENTITY Inupiak "ik">
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<!ENTITY Indonesian "in">
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<!ENTITY Icelandic "is">
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<!ENTITY Italian "it">
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<!ENTITY Hebrew "iw">
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<!ENTITY Japanese "ja">
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<!ENTITY Yiddish "ji">
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<!ENTITY Javanese "jw">
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<!ENTITY Georgian "ka">
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<!ENTITY Kazakh "kk">
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<!ENTITY Greenlandic "kl">
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<!ENTITY Cambodian "km">
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<!ENTITY Kannada "kn">
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<!ENTITY Korean "ko">
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<!ENTITY Kashmiri "ks">
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<!ENTITY Kurdish "ku">
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<!ENTITY Kirghiz "ky">
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<!ENTITY Lingala "ln">
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<!ENTITY Laothian "lo">
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<!ENTITY Lithuanian "lt">
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<!ENTITY Latvian "lv">
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<!ENTITY Lettish "lv">
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<!ENTITY Malagasy "mg">
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<!ENTITY Macedonian "mk">
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<!ENTITY Malayalam "ml">
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<!ENTITY Mongolian "mn">
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<!ENTITY Moldavian "mo">
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<!ENTITY Marathi "mr">
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<!ENTITY Maltese "mt">
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<!ENTITY Burmese "my">
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<!ENTITY Nepali "ne">
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<!ENTITY Norwegian "no">
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<!ENTITY Occitan "oc">
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<!ENTITY Punjabi "pa">
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<!ENTITY Polish "pl">
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<!ENTITY Pushto "ps">
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<!ENTITY Pashto "ps">
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<!ENTITY Portuguese "pt">
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<!ENTITY Quechua "qu">
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<!ENTITY Rhaeto-Romance "rm">
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<!ENTITY Kirundi "rn">
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<!ENTITY Romanian "ro">
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<!ENTITY Russian "ru">
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<!ENTITY Kinyarwanda "rw">
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<!ENTITY Sanskrit "sa">
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<!ENTITY Sindhi "sd">
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<!ENTITY Sangro "sg">
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<!ENTITY Serbo-Croatian "sh">
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<!ENTITY Singhalese "si">
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<!ENTITY Slovak "sk">
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<!ENTITY Slovenian "sl">
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<!ENTITY Samoan "sm">
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<!ENTITY Somali "so">
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<!ENTITY Albanian "sq">
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<!ENTITY Serbian "sr">
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<!ENTITY Siswati "ss">
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<!ENTITY Sesotho "st">
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<!ENTITY Sudanese "su">
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<!ENTITY Swedish "sv">
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<!ENTITY Swahili "sw">
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<!ENTITY Tegulu "te">
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<!ENTITY Tigrinya "ti">
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<!ENTITY Turkmen "tk">
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<!ENTITY Tagalog "tl">
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<!ENTITY Setswana "tn">
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<!ENTITY Turkish "tr">
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<!ENTITY Tsonga "ts">
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<!ENTITY Ukrainian "uk">
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<!ENTITY Vietnamese "vi">
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<!ENTITY Volapuk "vo">
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<!ENTITY Yoruba "yo">
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<!ENTITY Chinese "zh">
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<!ENTITY % cdo-C SYSTEM "../../../libs/cdo-C.ent">
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<!-- COMMON DOC OBJECTS --><!ENTITY copyright SYSTEM "../common/C/copyright.xml">
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<!ENTITY conventions SYSTEM "../common/C/conventions.xml">
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<!ENTITY feedback SYSTEM "../common/C/feedback.xml">
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<!ENTITY publisher SYSTEM "../common/C/publisher.xml">
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<!ENTITY disclaimer SYSTEM "../common/C/disclaimer.xml">
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<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon-header SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon-header.xml">
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<!ENTITY relative-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-relative-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY gpl SYSTEM "../common/C/gpl.xml">
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<!ENTITY fdl SYSTEM "../common/C/fdl.xml">
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<!ENTITY cc-by-sa SYSTEM "../common/C/ccbysa.xml">
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<!ENTITY licenses SYSTEM "../common/C/licenses.xml">
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<!ENTITY legalnotice SYSTEM "../common/C/legalnotice.xml">
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<!ENTITY klegalnotice SYSTEM "../kubuntu/libs/legalnotice.xml">
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<!ENTITY % kde SYSTEM "../../libs/kde.ent">
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<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY kde-version "3.5.9">
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<!ENTITY adept "Adept">
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<!ENTITY appshort "<application>Adept</application>">
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<!ENTITY different-user "kdesu">
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<!ENTITY % kde-menus-C SYSTEM "../../libs/kde-menus-C.ent">
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<!-- KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS AT THE VERY END --><!-- KDE MENU Entries --><!ENTITY menuar "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Add/Remove Programs</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuadept "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Adept Manager - Manage Packages</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuakregator "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Akregator - RSS Feed Reader</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuamarok "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Amarok Audio -Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuark "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Ark - Archiving Tool</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuaudacity "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Audacity</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menublender "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Blender</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menubluechat "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Bluetooth Chat</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menublueobex "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Bluetooth OBEX Client</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menudevhelp "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Devhelp</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menudigikam "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>digiKam - Photo Management</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menueclipse "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Eclipse</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuff "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Firefox Web Browser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menufind "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Find
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Files/Folders</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menugambas "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Gambas</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menugimp "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Gimp</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menugwenview "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Gwenview - Image Viewer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
316
<!ENTITY menuhelp "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Help</guimenuitem></menuchoice
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<!ENTITY menuinkscape "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Inkscape</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuk3b "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
321
<guimenuitem>K3b - CD & DVD Burning</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
322
<!ENTITY menukaffeine "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
323
<guimenuitem>Kaffeine - Media Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
324
<!ENTITY menukaramba "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
325
<guimenuitem>SuperKaramba</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
326
<!ENTITY menukarm "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
327
<guimenuitem>KArm Personal Time Tracker</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
328
<!ENTITY menukatapult "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
329
<guimenuitem>Katapult - KDE launcher</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
330
<!ENTITY menukate "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
331
<guimenuitem>Kate - Advanced Text Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
332
<!ENTITY menuaudiocreator "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
333
<guimenuitem>KAudioCreator - CD Ripper</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
334
<!ENTITY menukcron "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem
335
>KCron - Task Scheduler</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
336
<!ENTITY menugwwiz "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KDE Groupware Wizard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
337
<!ENTITY menukdevelop "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
338
<guimenuitem>KDevelop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
339
<!ENTITY menukeep "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem
340
>Keep Backup System</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
341
<!ENTITY menukexi "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kexi - Database Creator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
342
<!ENTITY menukinfoctr "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KInfoCenter - Info Center</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
343
<!ENTITY menukino "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
344
<guimenuitem>Kino</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
345
<!ENTITY menukivio "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
346
<guimenuitem>Kivio (Flowchart & Diagram
347
Editing)</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
348
<!ENTITY menukjobview "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
349
<guimenuitem>KJobViewer - Print Jobs</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
350
<!ENTITY menukmag "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
351
<guimenuitem>KMag - Screen Magnifier</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
352
<!ENTITY menukmix "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
353
<guimenuitem>KMix - Sound Mixer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
354
<!ENTITY menukmouse "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
355
<guimenuitem>KMouseTool - Automatic Mouse Click</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
356
<!ENTITY menukmymoney "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
357
<guimenuitem>KMyMoney2</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuknetmgr "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
359
<guimenuitem>KNetworkManager - Network Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
360
<!ENTITY menuknotes "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
361
<guimenuitem>KNotes - Popup Notes</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
362
<!ENTITY menukonqi "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
363
<guimenuitem>Konqueror - Web Browser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
364
<!ENTITY menukonsole "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem
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>Konsole - Terminal Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
366
<!ENTITY menukontact "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kontact - Personal Information Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
367
<!ENTITY menukonv "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Konversation - IRC Client</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
368
<!ENTITY menukooka "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kooka - Scan & OCR Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
369
<!ENTITY menukopete "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kopete - Instant Messager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
370
<!ENTITY menukpdf "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KPDF - PDF Viewer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
371
<!ENTITY menukppp "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KPPP - Internet Dial-Up Tool</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
372
<!ENTITY menukrdc "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Krdc - Remote Desktop Connection</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
373
<!ENTITY menukrfb "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Krfb - Desktop Sharing</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
374
<!ENTITY menukrita "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Krita - Painting and Image Editing</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
375
<!ENTITY menukscd "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KSCD - CD Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
376
<!ENTITY menuksnap "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KSnapshot - Screen Capture Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
377
<!ENTITY menuksysgd "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KSysGuard - Performance Monitor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
378
<!ENTITY menuksyslog "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KSystemLog - System Logs Viewer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
379
<!ENTITY menuktorrent "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KTorrent - BitTorrent Client</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
380
<!ENTITY menukubdb "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kubuntu Device Database</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
381
<!ENTITY menulock "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Lock Session</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
382
<!ENTITY menulogout "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Log Out...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
383
<!ENTITY menumonodev "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
384
<guimenuitem>MonoDevelop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
385
<!ENTITY menumonodoc "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
386
<guimenuitem>MonoDoc</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
387
<!ENTITY menuqt4designer "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
388
<guimenuitem>Qt4 Designer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
389
<!ENTITY menuqtparted "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu>
390
<guimenuitem>QtParted</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
391
<!ENTITY menurun "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Run
392
Command...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
393
<!ENTITY menuscribus "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
394
<guimenuitem>Scribus</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
395
<!ENTITY menuskim "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
396
<guimenuitem>Skim - Input method platform</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
397
<!ENTITY menuspcrnch "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
398
<guimenuitem>SpeedCrunch - Calculator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
399
<!ENTITY menusud "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Switch
400
User</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>username: default (:0,
401
vt7)</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
402
<!ENTITY menusul "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Switch User</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Lock Current & Start New Session</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
403
<!ENTITY menusun "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Switch
404
User</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Start New Session</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
405
<!ENTITY menusysset "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
406
Settings</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
407
<!ENTITY menuwifi "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
408
<guimenuitem>Wireless Assistant Wireless LAN
409
Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
410
<!ENTITY menukbandmouse "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
411
Settings</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Keyboard &
412
Mouse</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
413
<!ENTITY menufax "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu><guisubmenuitem>Fax Address Utility</guisubmenuitem></menuchoice>">
414
<!-- OPEN OFFICE --><!ENTITY menuooimpress "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
415
<guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Impress - Presentation</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
416
<!ENTITY menuoocalc "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
417
<guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Calc - Spreadsheet</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
418
<!ENTITY menuoowriter "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
419
<guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Writer - Word Processor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
420
<!-- KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS --><!ENTITY ctrlaltf1 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
421
<keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>">
422
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf2 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
423
<keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>">
424
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf3 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
425
<keycap>F3</keycap></keycombo>">
426
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf4 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
427
<keycap>F4</keycap></keycombo>">
428
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf5 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
429
<keycap>F5</keycap></keycombo>">
430
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf6 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
431
<keycap>F6</keycap></keycombo>">
432
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf7 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
433
<keycap>F7</keycap></keycombo>">
434
<!ENTITY ctrlaltbkspc "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Backspace</keycap>
436
<!ENTITY % kde-general SYSTEM "/usr/share/apps/ksgmltools2/customization/obsolete/general.entities">
438
KDE general entities for DocBook as used in the KDE documentation
440
Copyright (C) 2002 Frederik Fouvry
442
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
443
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
444
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
445
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
447
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
448
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
449
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
450
GNU General Public License for more details.
452
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
453
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
454
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
456
Send suggestions, comments, etc. to the KDE docbook list
457
<kde-docbook@kde.org>.
462
Refer to this file as
464
"-//KDE//ENTITIES DocBook XML General Entity Declarations V1.1//EN"
466
This file contains what dbgenent.mod should contain and is read
467
after all other files just like dbgenent.mod should be.
469
--><!-- ============================================================= --><!-- Extensions to the DocBook DTD --><!-- ============================================================= --><!-- E.g. KDE specific entities (see also dbgenent.mod for this) --><!-- Legal texts we put in a specific place
470
so that we don't need to cut'n'paste them to every doc
471
--><!ENTITY GPL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License V2 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" NDATA SGML>
472
<!ENTITY GPL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License V2//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" NDATA linespecific>
473
<!ENTITY GPLNotice PUBLIC "-//KDE//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License Notice//EN" "../en/entities/gpl-notice.docbook">
474
<!-- meant for inclusion, so no [CN]DATA SGML (why?) --><!ENTITY LGPL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License V2.1 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html" NDATA SGML>
475
<!ENTITY LGPL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License V2.1//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html" NDATA linespecific>
476
<!ENTITY LGPLNotice PUBLIC "-//KDE//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License Notice//EN" "../en/entities/lgpl-notice.docbook">
477
<!-- meant for inclusion, so no [CN]DATA SGML --><!ENTITY FDL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Free Documentation License V1.1 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" NDATA SGML>
478
<!ENTITY FDL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Free Documentation License V1.1//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" NDATA linespecific>
479
<!-- FDLNotice is defined in lang.entities (why?) --><!-- KDE index generation
480
Set addindex to IGNORE to stop index generation
481
Indices are generated on the fly, so no intermediate file is needed
482
--><!ENTITY % addindex "INCLUDE">
483
<!ENTITY documentation.index "<index></index>">
484
<!--ENTITY kapp "(Oops - someone forgot to fill in the application name here)" --><!-- Entities to fill in slots in docbook version of FDL notice --><!ENTITY % FDLIS "IGNORE">
485
<!ENTITY % FDLFCT "IGNORE">
486
<!ENTITY % FDLBCT "IGNORE">
487
<!-- These are the language-independent entities. They can be (more
488
or less) freely extended. Keep this list sorted and sensible.
489
Make sure you always add full markup to the text.
491
Naming policy: name the entity like you would see the text
492
(inclusive case). KDE entities are always lowercased. Spaces
493
are omitted. Examples: Qt (for "Qt"), RedHat (for "Red Hat"),
494
kfloppy (for "KFloppy") . (Entity names cannot start with digits,
495
in that case, use the written form for the first digit.)
497
DO NOT JUST RENAME ENTITIES! That implies removal of an existing
498
entity and that may change the validity of documents, which must
499
not happen. Place the name you wish to remove in the list of
500
obsolete entities (depending on the case, the expansion is
501
redefined or kept as it was); the new name goes in the official list.
502
A later version of the DTD (with another version number!) will
503
effectively remove these entities. In that way, old documents
504
remain valid, while new ones can only use the new declarations.
505
--><!ENTITY AIX "<trademark class='registered'>AIX</trademark>">
506
<!ENTITY aktion "<application>aKtion</application>">
507
<!ENTITY amor "<application>AMOR</application>">
508
<!ENTITY ark "<application>Ark</application>">
509
<!ENTITY arts "<application>aRts</application>">
510
<!ENTITY arts-builder "<application>aRts-builder</application>">
511
<!ENTITY artscontrol "<application>artscontrol</application>">
512
<!ENTITY artsd "<application>artsd</application>">
513
<!ENTITY artsdsp "<application>artsdsp</application>">
514
<!ENTITY artsserver "<application>artsserver</application>">
515
<!ENTITY artsshell "<application>artsshell</application>">
516
<!ENTITY artswrapper "<application>artswrapper</application>">
517
<!ENTITY ATAPI "<acronym>ATAPI</acronym>">
518
<!ENTITY atlantik "<application>Atlantik</application>">
519
<!ENTITY brahms "<application>Brahms</application>">
520
<!ENTITY catalogmanager "<application>Catalog Manager</application>">
521
<!ENTITY CD "<acronym>CD</acronym>">
522
<!ENTITY CDE "<acronym>CDE</acronym>">
523
<!ENTITY CD-ROM "<acronym>CD-ROM</acronym>">
524
<!ENTITY cervisia "<application>Cervisia</application>">
525
<!ENTITY CSS "<trademark>CSS</trademark>">
526
<!ENTITY CUPS "<acronym>CUPS</acronym>">
527
<!ENTITY drkonqi "<application>DrKonqi</application>">
528
<!ENTITY DCOP "<acronym>DCOP</acronym>">
529
<!ENTITY DVI "<acronym>DVI</acronym>">
530
<!ENTITY ELF "<acronym>ELF</acronym>">
531
<!ENTITY Emacs "<application>Emacs</application>">
532
<!ENTITY flashkard "<application>FlashKard</application>">
533
<!ENTITY FTP "<acronym>FTP</acronym>">
534
<!ENTITY gcc "<command>gcc</command>">
535
<!ENTITY GIF "<acronym>GIF</acronym>">
536
<!ENTITY GMT "<acronym>GMT</acronym>">
537
<!ENTITY GNU "<acronym>GNU</acronym>">
538
<!ENTITY GUI "<acronym>GUI</acronym>">
539
<!ENTITY Handspring "<trademark>Handspring</trademark>">
540
<!ENTITY Hewlett-Packard '<trademark class="registered">Hewlett-Packard</trademark>'>
541
<!ENTITY HotSync '<trademark class="registered">HotSync</trademark>'>
542
<!ENTITY HP '<trademark class="registered">HP</trademark>'>
543
<!ENTITY HP-UX '<trademark class="registered">HP-UX</trademark>'>
544
<!ENTITY HTTP "<acronym>HTTP</acronym>">
545
<!ENTITY IRIX '<trademark class="registered">IRIX</trademark>'>
546
<!ENTITY Java "<trademark>Java</trademark>">
547
<!ENTITY Jini "<trademark>Jini</trademark>">
548
<!ENTITY kab2 "<application>Kab2</application>">
549
<!ENTITY kenolaba "<application>Kenolaba</application>">
550
<!ENTITY kaboodle "<application>Kaboodle</application>">
551
<!ENTITY kaddressbook "<application>KAddressBook</application>">
552
<!ENTITY kalarm "<application>KAlarm</application>">
553
<!ENTITY kalarmd "<application>KAlarmd</application>">
554
<!ENTITY kalzium "<application>Kalzium</application>">
555
<!ENTITY kamera "<application>Kamera</application>">
556
<!ENTITY kandy "<application>Kandy</application>">
557
<!ENTITY kappfinder "<application>Kappfinder</application>">
558
<!ENTITY kaphorism "<application>KAphorism</application>">
559
<!ENTITY karm "<application>KArm</application>">
560
<!ENTITY kasteroids "<application>KAsteroids</application>">
561
<!ENTITY kate "<application>Kate</application>">
562
<!ENTITY katomic "<application>KAtomic</application>">
563
<!ENTITY kbabel "<application>KBabel</application>">
564
<!ENTITY kbabeldict "<application>KBabelDict</application>">
565
<!ENTITY kbackgammon "<application>KBackgammon</application>">
566
<!ENTITY kbattleship "<application>KBattleship</application>">
567
<!ENTITY kbiff "<application>KBiff</application>">
568
<!ENTITY kblackbox "<application>KBlackbox</application>">
569
<!ENTITY kbounce "<application>KBounce</application>">
570
<!ENTITY kbugbuster "<application>kbugbuster</application>">
571
<!ENTITY kcalc "<application>KCalc</application>">
572
<!ENTITY kcharselect "<application>KCharSelect</application>">
573
<!ENTITY kchart "<application>KChart</application>">
574
<!ENTITY kchat "<application>KChat</application>">
575
<!ENTITY kcontrol "<application>KControl</application>">
576
<!ENTITY kcron "<application>KCron</application>">
577
<!ENTITY kdat "<application>KDat</application>">
578
<!ENTITY kdebugdialog "<application>KDebugDialog</application>">
579
<!ENTITY kde-http '<ulink url="http://www.kde.org/">http://www.kde.org/</ulink>'>
580
<!ENTITY kde-ftp '<ulink url="ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/">ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/</ulink>'>
581
<!ENTITY kdepasswd "<application>kdepasswd</application>">
582
<!ENTITY kdesktop "<application>KDesktop</application>">
583
<!ENTITY kdessh "<application>kdessh</application>">
584
<!ENTITY kdesu "<application>KDE su</application>">
585
<!ENTITY kdiskfree "<application>KDiskFree</application>">
586
<!ENTITY kdict "<application>KDict</application>">
587
<!ENTITY kdm "<application>kdm</application>">
588
<!ENTITY kdvi "<application>KDVI</application>">
589
<!ENTITY kedit "<application>KEdit</application>">
590
<!ENTITY keduca "<application>KEduca</application>">
591
<!ENTITY keystone "<application>Keystone</application>">
592
<!ENTITY kfax "<application>KFax</application>">
593
<!ENTITY kfaxview "<application>Kfaxview</application>">
594
<!ENTITY kfind "<application>KFind</application>">
595
<!ENTITY kfloppy "<application>Kfloppy</application>">
596
<!ENTITY kformula "<application>KFormula</application>">
597
<!ENTITY kfouleggs "<application>KFoulEggs</application>">
598
<!ENTITY kfract "<application>KFract</application>">
599
<!ENTITY khangman "<application>KHangMan</application>">
600
<!ENTITY kgeo "<application>KGeo</application>">
601
<!ENTITY kghostview "<application>KGhostView</application>">
602
<!ENTITY khelpcenter "<application>KHelpCenter</application>">
603
<!ENTITY khexedit "<application>KHexEdit</application>">
604
<!ENTITY kicker "<application>Kicker</application>">
605
<!ENTITY kiconedit "<application>KIconEdit</application>">
606
<!ENTITY kikbd "<application>kikbd</application>">
607
<!ENTITY kit "<application>Kit</application>">
608
<!ENTITY kiten "<application>Kiten</application>">
609
<!ENTITY kivio "<application>Kivio</application>">
610
<!ENTITY kjots "<application>KJots</application>">
611
<!ENTITY kjumpingcube "<application>KJumpingCube</application>">
612
<!ENTITY klaptop "<application>KLaptop</application>">
613
<!ENTITY klatin "<application>KLatin</application>">
614
<!ENTITY klettres "<application>KLettres</application>">
615
<!ENTITY kolorlines "<application>Kolor Lines</application>">
616
<!ENTITY klipper "<application>Klipper</application>">
617
<!ENTITY kljettool "<application>KLjettool</application>">
618
<!ENTITY klpq "<application>Klpq</application>">
619
<!ENTITY klprfax "<application>Klprfax</application>">
620
<!ENTITY kmahjongg "<application>KMahjongg</application>">
621
<!ENTITY kmail "<application>KMail</application>">
622
<!ENTITY kmathtool "<application>KMathTool</application>">
623
<!ENTITY kmenuedit "<application>kmenuedit</application>">
624
<!ENTITY kmessedwords "<application>KMessedWords</application>">
625
<!ENTITY kmid "<application>KMid</application>">
626
<!ENTITY kmidi "<application>KMidi</application>">
627
<!ENTITY kmines "<application>KMines</application>">
628
<!ENTITY kmix "<application>KMix</application>">
629
<!ENTITY kmplot "<application>KmPlot</application>">
630
<!ENTITY knewsticker "<application>KNewsTicker</application>">
631
<!ENTITY knode "<application>KNode</application>">
632
<!ENTITY knotes "<application>KNotes</application>">
633
<!ENTITY knorskverbs "<application>KNorskVerbs</application>">
634
<!ENTITY kodometer "<application>KOdometer</application>">
635
<!ENTITY koffice "<application>KOffice</application>">
636
<!ENTITY kolf "<application>Kolf</application>">
637
<!ENTITY kompare "<application>Kompare</application>">
638
<!ENTITY koncd "<application>KOnCD</application>">
639
<!ENTITY konqueror "<application>Konqueror</application>">
640
<!ENTITY konquest "<application>Konquest</application>">
641
<!ENTITY konsole "<application>Konsole</application>">
642
<!ENTITY kontour "<application>Kontour</application>">
643
<!ENTITY kooka "<application>Kooka</application>">
644
<!ENTITY korganizer "<application>KOrganizer</application>">
645
<!ENTITY korn "<application>KOrn</application>">
646
<!ENTITY koshell "<application>KOShell</application>">
647
<!ENTITY kotalkd "<application>KOTalkd</application>">
648
<!ENTITY kpackage "<application>KPackage</application>">
649
<!ENTITY kpager "<application>KPager</application>">
650
<!ENTITY kpaint "<application>KPaint</application>">
651
<!ENTITY kpanel "<application>KPanel</application>">
652
<!ENTITY kpatience "<application>KPatience</application>">
653
<!ENTITY kpercentage "<application>KPercentage</application>">
654
<!ENTITY kpilot "<application>KPilot</application>">
655
<!ENTITY kpf "<application>kpf</application>">
656
<!ENTITY kpm "<application>Kpm</application>">
657
<!ENTITY kpresenter "<application>KPresenter</application>">
658
<!ENTITY kpoker "<application>KPoker</application>">
659
<!ENTITY kpovmodeler "<application>KPovModeler</application>">
660
<!ENTITY kppp "<application>KPPP</application>">
661
<!ENTITY kreatecd "<application>KreateCD</application>">
662
<!ENTITY krec "<application>KRec</application>">
663
<!ENTITY kregexpeditor "<application>KRegExpEditor</application>">
664
<!ENTITY kreversi "<application>KReversi</application>">
665
<!ENTITY krita "<application>Krita</application>">
666
<!ENTITY kruler "<application>KRuler</application>">
667
<!ENTITY ksame "<application>KSame</application>">
668
<!ENTITY kscd "<application>KsCD</application>">
669
<!ENTITY kscore "<application>KScore</application>">
670
<!ENTITY kscreensaver "<application>KScreensaver</application>">
671
<!ENTITY ksgmltools "<application>ksgmltools</application>">
672
<!ENTITY kshisen "<application>KShisen</application>">
673
<!ENTITY ksim "<application>KSim</application>">
674
<!ENTITY ksirc "<application>KSirc</application>">
675
<!ENTITY ksirtet "<application>KSirtet</application>">
676
<!ENTITY ksmiletris "<application>KSmiletris</application>">
677
<!ENTITY ksnake "<application>KSnake</application>">
678
<!ENTITY ksnapshot "<application>KSnapshot</application>">
679
<!ENTITY ksokoban "<application>KSokoban</application>">
680
<!ENTITY kspaceduel "<application>KSpaceDuel</application>">
681
<!ENTITY kspell "<application>KSpell</application>">
682
<!ENTITY kspread "<application>KSpread</application>">
683
<!ENTITY kstars "<application>KStars</application>">
684
<!ENTITY kstart "<application>kstart</application>">
685
<!ENTITY ksysctrl "<application>KSysctrl</application>">
686
<!ENTITY ksysguard "<application>KSysguard</application>">
687
<!ENTITY ksysv "<application>KSysV</application>">
688
<!ENTITY ktalk "<application>KTalk</application>">
689
<!ENTITY ktalkd "<application>KTalkd</application>">
690
<!ENTITY kteatime "<application>KTeaTime</application>">
691
<!ENTITY kthesaurus "<application>KThesaurus</application>">
692
<!ENTITY ktimemon "<application>KTimemon</application>">
693
<!ENTITY ktimer "<application>KTimer</application>">
694
<!ENTITY ktip "<application>KTip</application>">
695
<!ENTITY ktouch "<application>KTouch</application>">
696
<!ENTITY ktron "<application>KTron</application>">
697
<!ENTITY ktuberling "<application>KTuberling</application>">
698
<!ENTITY kugar "<application>Kugar</application>">
699
<!ENTITY kuickshow "<application>KuickShow</application>">
700
<!ENTITY kuser "<application>KUser</application>">
701
<!ENTITY kview "<application>KView</application>">
702
<!ENTITY kviewshell "<application>KViewshell</application>">
703
<!ENTITY kvoctrain "<application>KVocTrain</application>">
704
<!ENTITY kworldclock "<application>KWorldClock</application>">
705
<!ENTITY kword "<application>KWord</application>">
706
<!ENTITY kwin "<application>KWin</application>">
707
<!ENTITY k4wins "<application>K Four Wins</application>">
708
<!ENTITY kwrite "<application>KWrite</application>">
709
<!ENTITY kwuftpd "<application>kwuftpd</application>">
710
<!ENTITY LaserJet '<trademark class="registered">LaserJet</trademark>'>
711
<!ENTITY lisa "<application>Lisa</application>">
712
<!ENTITY Linux '<trademark class="registered">Linux</trademark>'>
713
<!ENTITY Linux-Mandrake "<trademark>Linux-Mandrake</trademark>">
714
<!ENTITY LinuxPPC "<trademark>LinuxPPC</trademark>">
715
<!ENTITY lskat "<application>Lskat</application>">
716
<!ENTITY LZW "<acronym>LZW</acronym>">
717
<!ENTITY Mac '<trademark class="registered">Mac</trademark>'>
718
<!ENTITY MacOS '<trademark class="registered">Mac</trademark> <acronym>OS</acronym>'>
719
<!ENTITY Mandrake "<trademark>Mandrake</trademark>">
720
<!ENTITY megami "<application>Megami</application>">
721
<!ENTITY Microsoft '<trademark class="registered">Microsoft</trademark>'>
722
<!ENTITY MIDI "<acronym>MIDI</acronym>">
723
<!ENTITY MIME "<acronym>MIME</acronym>">
724
<!ENTITY moonphase "<application>Moon Phase</application>">
725
<!ENTITY Motif '<trademark class="registered">Motif</trademark>'>
726
<!ENTITY MRU "<acronym>MRU</acronym>">
727
<!ENTITY MTU "<acronym>MTU</acronym>">
728
<!ENTITY MusiXTeX "<application>MusiXTeX</application>">
729
<!ENTITY Netscape '<trademark class="registered">Netscape</trademark>'>
730
<!ENTITY NeXTSTEP "<trademark>NeXTSTEP</trademark>">
731
<!ENTITY noatun "<application>Noatun</application>">
732
<!ENTITY PalmOS '<trademark class="registered">Palm OS</trademark>'>
733
<!ENTITY PalmPilot "<productname><trademark>PalmPilot</trademark></productname>">
734
<!ENTITY PMX "<application>PMX</application>">
735
<!-- acronym too? --><!ENTITY PostScript '<trademark class="registered">PostScript</trademark>'>
736
<!ENTITY PPP "<acronym>PPP</acronym>">
737
<!ENTITY quanta "<application>Quanta</application>">
738
<!ENTITY quantaplus "<application>Quanta Plus</application>">
739
<!ENTITY Qt "<trademark>Qt</trademark>">
740
<!ENTITY RedHat '<trademark class="registered">Red Hat</trademark>'>
741
<!ENTITY reslisa "<application>ResLisa</application>">
742
<!ENTITY Sendmail '<application><trademark class="registered">sendmail</trademark></application>'>
743
<!ENTITY SMTP "<acronym>SMTP</acronym>">
744
<!ENTITY SGI "<trademark>SGI</trademark>">
745
<!ENTITY Solaris "<trademark>Solaris</trademark>">
746
<!ENTITY SuSE '<acronym><trademark class="registered">SuSE</trademark></acronym>'>
747
<!ENTITY ThreeCom '<trademark class="registered">3Com</trademark>'>
748
<!ENTITY tkmidi "<application>tkmidi</application>">
749
<!ENTITY TrueType '<trademark class="registered">TrueType</trademark>'>
750
<!ENTITY UNIX '<trademark class="registered">UNIX</trademark>'>
751
<!ENTITY URL "<acronym>URL</acronym>">
752
<!ENTITY URI "<acronym>URI</acronym>">
753
<!ENTITY Visor "<trademark>Visor</trademark>">
754
<!ENTITY windowmaker "<application>Window Maker</application>">
755
<!ENTITY Windows '<trademark class="registered">Windows</trademark>'>
756
<!ENTITY WordNet '<trademark class="registered">WordNet</trademark>'>
757
<!ENTITY Wordperfect '<application><trademark class="registered">WordPerfect</trademark></application>'>
758
<!ENTITY X-Server "<application>X-Server</application>">
759
<!ENTITY XEmacs "<application>XEmacs</application>">
760
<!ENTITY X-Window '<trademark class="registered">X Window System</trademark>'>
761
<!ENTITY XHTML "<trademark>XHTML</trademark>">
762
<!ENTITY XML "<trademark>XML</trademark>">
763
<!ENTITY XSL "<trademark>XSL</trademark>">
764
<!-- Defaults, do NOT add anything to this without checking with the docbook
765
team. --><!ENTITY package "This application isn't part of a KDE package">
766
<!-- Obsolete entities --><!-- Put them here; they will be removed at some stage --><!ENTITY artsbuilder "<application>aRts-builder</application>">
767
<!ENTITY kdf "<application>KDiskFree</application>">
768
<!ENTITY klaptopdaemon "<application>KLaptop</application>">
769
<!ENTITY klines "<application>Kolor Lines</application>">
770
<!ENTITY kmoon "<application>Moon Phase</application>">
771
<!ENTITY kodo "<application>KOdometer</application>">
772
<!ENTITY kpat "<application>KPatience</application>">
773
<!ENTITY kwin4 "<application>K Four Wins</application>">
774
<!ENTITY % xinclude SYSTEM "../../../libs/xinclude.mod">
775
<!ELEMENT xi:include (xi:fallback)?>
776
<!ATTLIST xi:include xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
777
<!ATTLIST xi:include href CDATA #REQUIRED>
778
<!ATTLIST xi:include parse (xml | text) "xml">
779
<!ATTLIST xi:include xpointer CDATA #IMPLIED>
780
<!ATTLIST xi:include encoding CDATA #IMPLIED>
781
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept CDATA #IMPLIED>
782
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept-charset CDATA #IMPLIED>
783
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept-language CDATA #IMPLIED>
784
<!ELEMENT xi:fallback ANY>
785
<!ATTLIST xi:fallback xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
786
<!ENTITY % local.preface.class "| xi:include">
787
<!ENTITY % local.part.class "| xi:include">
788
<!ENTITY % local.chapter.class "| xi:include">
789
<!ENTITY % local.divcomponent.mix "| xi:include">
790
<!ENTITY % local.para.char.mix "| xi:include">
791
<!ENTITY % local.info.class "| xi:include">
792
<!ENTITY % local.common.attrib "xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude'">
793
<!ENTITY language "en">
795
<article id="basic-concepts" status="complete" lang="hi">
797
<title>Basic Concepts</title>
800
<title>Credits and License</title>
801
<para>This document is maintained by the Ubuntu documentation team
802
(https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam). For a list of contributors, see the
803
<ulink type="help" url="help:/kubuntu/contributors.html">contributors
805
<para>This document is made available under the Creative Commons ShareAlike
806
2.5 License (CC-BY-SA).</para>
807
<para>You are free to modify, extend, and improve the Ubuntu documentation
808
source code under the
809
terms of this license. All derivative works must be released under
811
<para>This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
813
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
814
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
815
PURPOSE AS DESCRIBED IN THE DISCLAIMER.</para>
816
<para>A copy of the license is available here: <ulink type="help" url="help:/kubuntu/ccbysa.html">Creative
817
Commons ShareAlike License</ulink>.</para>
820
<year>2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008</year>
821
<holder>Canonical Ltd. and members of the Ubuntu Documentation
825
<publishername>The Ubuntu Documentation Project</publishername>
830
This chapter introduces you to basic concepts which are useful when getting
831
started with a Kubuntu system.
836
<!-- DIRECTORIES AND FILE SYSTEMS -->
837
<sect1 id="directories-file-systems" status="complete">
838
<title>Directories and File Systems</title>
841
In Linux and Unix everything is a file. Directories are files, files are files,
842
and devices are files. Devices are usually referred to as nodes; however, they
847
Linux and Unix file systems are organized in a hierarchical, tree-like
848
structure. The highest level of the file system is the <filename>/</filename>
849
or root directory. All other files and directories exist under the root
850
directory. For example, <filename>/home/konqi/kubuntu.odt</filename> shows
851
the correct full path, or absolute path, to the <filename>kubuntu.odt</filename>
852
file that exists in the <filename>konqi</filename> directory, which is under
853
the <filename>home</filename> directory, which in turn is under the root
854
(<filename>/</filename>) directory.
858
Underneath the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory is a set of important
859
directories common to most Linux distributions. The following is a listing of
860
common directories that are directly under the root (<filename>/</filename>)
865
<varlistentry><term><filename>/bin</filename></term>
868
Important commands, which historically have been <emphasis>bin</emphasis>ary,
869
but may also be shell scripts.
874
<varlistentry><term><filename>/boot</filename></term>
877
<emphasis>Boot</emphasis> configuration files, kernels, and other files needed
878
at <emphasis>boot</emphasis> time.
883
<varlistentry><term><filename>/dev</filename></term>
886
The <emphasis>dev</emphasis>ice files.
891
<varlistentry><term><filename>/etc</filename></term>
894
Configuration files, startup scripts, <emphasis>etc</emphasis>.
899
<varlistentry><term><filename>/home</filename></term>
902
<emphasis>Home</emphasis> directories for different users.
907
<varlistentry><term><filename>/initrd</filename></term>
910
Used when creating a customized <emphasis>init</emphasis>ial
911
<emphasis>R</emphasis>AM <emphasis>D</emphasis>isk.
916
<varlistentry><term><filename>/lib</filename></term>
919
System <emphasis>lib</emphasis>raries.
924
<varlistentry><term><filename>/lost+found</filename></term>
927
Provides a <emphasis>lost+found</emphasis> system for files that exist under the
928
root (<filename>/</filename>) directory.
933
<varlistentry><term><filename>/media</filename></term>
936
Automatically mounted (loaded) removable <emphasis>media</emphasis> such as CDs,
937
digital cameras, etc.
942
<varlistentry><term><filename>/mnt</filename></term>
945
Manually <emphasis>m</emphasis>ou<emphasis>nt</emphasis>ed filesystems on your
951
<varlistentry><term><filename>/opt</filename></term>
955
Provides a location for <emphasis>opt</emphasis>ional (3rd party) applications
956
to be installed; these are usually statically compiled and can be used in other
957
versions or Linux distributions.
962
<varlistentry><term><filename>/proc</filename></term>
965
Special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the
966
system, including currently running <emphasis>proc</emphasis>esses.
971
<varlistentry><term><filename>/root</filename></term>
974
<emphasis>Root</emphasis> user's home directory, pronounced
980
<varlistentry><term><filename>/sbin</filename></term>
984
Important <emphasis>s</emphasis>ystem <emphasis>bin</emphasis>aries and scripts,
985
usually intended to be run as the root user.
990
<varlistentry><term><filename>/srv</filename></term>
993
Can contain files that are <emphasis>s</emphasis>e<emphasis>rv</emphasis>ed to
999
<varlistentry><term><filename>/sys</filename></term>
1002
Similar to the /proc filesystem, but contains <emphasis>sys</emphasis>tem
1003
information not related to running processes.
1008
<varlistentry><term><filename>/tmp</filename></term>
1011
<emphasis>t</emphasis>e<emphasis>mp</emphasis>orary files.
1016
<varlistentry><term><filename>/usr</filename></term>
1019
Applications and read-only files that are mostly available for all
1020
<emphasis>us</emphasis>e<emphasis>r</emphasis>s to access.
1025
<varlistentry><term><filename>/var</filename></term>
1028
<emphasis>var</emphasis>iable files such as logs and databases.
1036
<!-- PERMISSIONS -->
1037
<sect1 id="permissions" status="complete">
1038
<title>Permissions</title>
1041
All of the files on a Linux system have permissions that allow or prevent others
1042
from viewing, modifying or executing them. The superuser "root" has the ability
1043
to access any file on the system. Each file has access restrictions, user
1044
restrictions, and an owner/group association.
1048
Every file is secured by the following three layers of permissions, in order of
1053
<varlistentry><term>user</term>
1056
Applies to the user who is the owner of the file.
1061
<varlistentry><term>group</term>
1064
Applies to the group that is associated with the file.
1069
<varlistentry><term>other</term>
1072
Applies to all other users.
1079
Inside each of the three sets of permissions are the actual permissions. The
1080
permissions, along with the way they apply differently to files and directories,
1085
<varlistentry><term>read</term>
1088
Files or directory contents that can be <emphasis>viewed</emphasis> only.
1093
<varlistentry><term>write</term>
1096
Files or directory contents that can be modified or deleted.
1101
<varlistentry><term>execute</term>
1104
Files that can be run as a program or directories that can be entered.
1111
To view and edit the permissions on files and directories, first open
1112
<application>Konqueror</application> in file manager mode by selecting
1113
<guilabel>Home Folder</guilabel> from the <guimenu>System Menu</guimenu> located
1114
next to the <application>KMenu</application> icon in the bottom left corner of
1115
your display. To display the dialog to allow permission editing,
1116
<mousebutton>right</mousebutton> click on a file or directory, then select
1117
<guimenu>Properties</guimenu>. The permissions are found under the
1118
<guilabel>Permissions</guilabel> tab and allow for the editing of all
1119
permission levels, if you are the owner of the file.
1123
<!-- ROOT AND SUDO -->
1124
<sect1 id="root-and-sudo" status="complete">
1125
<title>Root And Sudo</title>
1128
The root user in Linux is the user which has administrative access to your
1129
system. Normal users do not have this access for security reasons.
1130
Kubuntu does not enable the root user. Instead, administrative access is given
1131
to individual users, who may use the "sudo" application to perform
1132
administrative tasks. The first user account you created on your system during
1133
installation will, by default, have access to sudo <emphasis>s</emphasis>uper
1134
<emphasis>u</emphasis>ser <emphasis>do</emphasis>. You can restrict and enable
1135
sudo access to users with the <application>Users and Groups</application>
1136
application (review the <ulink type="help" url="help:/kubuntu/keeping-safe/">Keeping Safe</ulink> documentation for more
1141
When you run an application that requires root privileges, sudo will ask you to
1142
input your normal user password. This ensures that rogue applications cannot
1143
damage your system, and serves as a reminder that you are about to perform
1144
administrative actions which require you to be careful!
1148
To use sudo when using the command line, simply type "sudo" before the command
1149
you wish to run. Sudo will then prompt you for your password.
1153
Sudo will remember your password for a set amount of time (15 minutes by
1154
default). This feature was designed to allow users to perform multiple
1155
administrative tasks without being asked for a password each time.
1160
Be careful when doing administrative tasks -- you could very well damage your
1166
Some other tips for using sudo:
1172
To use a "root" terminal, type "sudo -i" at the command line
1178
The entire group of default graphical configuration tools in Kubuntu already
1179
uses sudo, so you will be prompted for your password if needed using
1180
<application>kdesu</application>, which is a graphical frontend to
1181
<application>sudo</application>.
1187
For more information on the <application>sudo</application> program and the
1188
absence of a root user in Kubuntu, read the <ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">sudo
1189
page</ulink> on the Ubuntu wiki.
1194
<sect2 id="run-application-root" status="complete">
1195
<title>Start a Program Manually with Root Privileges</title>
1198
Sometimes it is necessary to run a program with root privileges. This is easy to
1199
do with the <application>Run Command</application> dialog.
1204
Be careful when doing administrative tasks -- you could very well damage your
1212
Open the <application>Run Command</application> dialog by typing:
1214
<keycap>Alt</keycap>
1222
Enter the name of the program you wish to run, <emphasis>prefixed</emphasis>
1223
with <application>kdesu</application> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. For
1224
example, to launch the file manager <application>Konqueror</application>
1225
with root privileges, type <screen>kdesu konqueror</screen>
1233
<!-- USER MANAGEMENT -->
1234
<sect1 id="user-mgmt" status="draft">
1235
<title>User Management</title>
1237
<procedure><title>Adding a user</title>
1240
Open <application>System Settings</application> by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
1241
Settings</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1246
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guiicon>User Management</guiicon> icon.
1251
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Administrator
1252
Mode...</guibutton> button. When prompted for a password, enter you user
1253
password and press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.
1258
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>New...</guibutton> button.
1263
In the <guilabel>User Account - KDE Control Module</guilabel>, enter the
1264
necessary information under the <guilabel>Details</guilabel> and
1265
<guilabel>Password & Security</guilabel> sections. When you are complete,
1266
press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button. The following examples are provided
1267
to you for a better understanding.
1268
<example><title>New User <guilabel>Details</guilabel></title>
1271
<imagedata fileref="../../images/C/adduser_details.png" format="PNG"/>
1275
<example><title>New User <guilabel>Password & Security</guilabel></title>
1278
<imagedata fileref="../../images/C/adduser_security.png" format="PNG"/>
1286
<procedure><title>Removing a user</title>
1289
Open <application>System Settings</application> by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
1290
Settings</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1295
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guiicon>User Management</guiicon> icon.
1300
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Administrator
1301
Mode...</guibutton> button. When prompted for a password, enter you user
1302
password and press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.
1307
Highlight the user that you would like to delete.
1312
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Delete...</guibutton> button.
1317
When prompted with the <guilabel>Delete User Account - KDE Control
1318
Module</guilabel> dialog, you have two options:
1322
<guilabel>Delete home directory (/home/username)</guilabel> - this will remove
1323
the user's home directory, therefor clearing up space on your hard drive. If
1324
there is information you would like to backup, do so before deleting this
1330
<guilabel>Delete group 'username' (1002)</guilabel> - this will remove the
1331
group that was created for the user. Note your option may look different.
1339
<procedure><title>Changing a user's password</title>
1342
Open <application>System Settings</application> by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
1343
Settings</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1348
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guiicon>User Management</guiicon> icon.
1353
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Administrator
1354
Mode...</guibutton> button. When prompted for a password, enter you user
1355
password and press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.
1360
Highlight the user whose password you would like to change.
1365
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Modify...</guibutton> button.
1370
When prompted with the <guilabel>User Account - KDE Control Module</guilabel>,
1371
select the <guilabel>Password & Security</guilabel> tab. Type in the
1372
password you would like to change it to, as well as any of the security
1373
settings you would like. When you are complete, press the
1374
<guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.
1381
<sect1 id="terminals" status="complete">
1382
<title>Terminal</title>
1385
Working at the command line is not as daunting a task as you would think. There
1386
is no special knowledge needed to use the command line as it is a program like
1387
everything else. Most things in Linux can be done using the command line.
1388
Although there are graphical tools for most programs, sometimes they are just
1389
not enough. This is where the command line comes in handy.
1393
The terminal is often called the command prompt or the shell. In days gone by,
1394
this was the way the user interacted with the computer; however, Linux users
1395
have found that the use of the shell can be quicker than a graphical method and
1396
still holds some merit today. Here you will learn how to use the terminal.
1400
The original use of the terminal was as a file browser, and indeed it is still
1401
used as a file browser. You can use the terminal as a file browser to navigate
1402
your files and undo the changes that have been made.
1405
<sect2 id="starting-konsole" status="complete">
1406
<title>Starting the Terminal</title>
1409
The <application>Konsole</application> can be started by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Konsole - Terminal Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1413
<sect2 id="common-commands" status="complete">
1414
<title>Common Commands</title>
1417
<varlistentry><term>View Directories: - ls</term>
1420
The <application>ls</application> (LiSt) lists files in different colors with
1421
full formatted text.
1426
<varlistentry><term>Create Directories: - mkdir (directory name)</term>
1429
The <application>mkdir</application> (MaKeDIRectory) command will create a
1435
<varlistentry><term>Change Directories: - cd (/directory/location)</term>
1438
The <application>cd</application> (Change Directory) command will change from
1439
your current directory to any directory you specify.
1444
<varlistentry><term>Copy Files/Directories: - cp (file or directory name) (to
1445
directory or filename)</term>
1448
The <application>cp</application> (CoPy) command will copy any files you
1449
specify. The <application>cp -r</application> command will copy any directories
1455
<varlistentry><term>Remove Files/Directories: - rm (file or directory
1459
The <application>rm</application> (ReMove) command will delete any filename you
1460
specify. The <application>rm -r</application> command will remove any directory
1461
you specify, and all its contents.
1466
<varlistentry><term>Move/Rename Files/Directories: - mv (file or directory
1470
The <application>mv</application> (MoVe) command will move/rename any file or
1471
directory you specify.
1476
<varlistentry><term>Find Files/Directories: - locate (file or directory
1480
The <application>locate</application> command will search for any filename you
1481
specify. It uses an index of the files on your system to work quickly. To update
1482
this index, run the command <application>sudo updatedb</application>. This
1483
command is run automatically each day if you leave your computer on. It needs to
1484
be run with administrative privileges (see <xref linkend="root-and-sudo"/>).
1491
You can also use wildcards to match one or more files, such as "*" (for all
1492
files) or "?" (to match one character).
1496
<sect2 id="switch-to-console" status="complete">
1497
<title>Switching to Console mode</title>
1500
The usual method of command-line access in Kubuntu is to start a terminal (see
1501
<xref linkend="starting-konsole"/> above), however sometimes it is useful to
1502
switch to the real console:
1508
Use the <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
1509
<keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> shortcut keys to switch to the first console.
1514
<para>To switch back to Desktop mode, use the <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
1515
<keycap>F7</keycap></keycombo> shortcut keys.
1521
<para>There are six consoles available. Each one is accessible with the
1522
shortcut keys <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
1523
<keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> to <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
1524
<keycap>F6</keycap></keycombo>.
1529
<sect2 id="disable-terminal-beep" status="complete">
1530
<title>Disabling the beep sound in Terminal mode</title>
1535
Start a <application>Konsole</application> session, select by going to
1536
<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Konsole - Terminal Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1544
<guimenu>Settings</guimenu>
1545
<guisubmenu>Bell</guisubmenu>
1546
<guimenuitem>None</guimenuitem>
1548
to disable the system bell.
1555
<!-- RESTART X SERVER -->
1556
<sect1 id="restart-x" status="draft">
1557
<title>Restart Kubuntu without rebooting</title>
1560
To restart Kubuntu, or the <productname>X Window System</productname>, simply
1562
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Backspace</keycap>
1563
</keycombo>. This will take you to a blank screen momentarily and then bring
1564
you back to the login screen (<acronym>KDM</acronym>).
1568
<!-- TEXT EDITING -->
1569
<sect1 id="text-editing" status="complete">
1570
<title>Text Editing</title>
1573
All of the configurations and settings in Linux are saved in text files. Even
1574
though you most often can edit configurations through the graphical interface,
1575
you may occasionally have to edit them by hand. <application>Kate</application>
1576
is the default Kubuntu text editor, which can be launched by going to
1577
<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
1578
<guimenuitem>Kate - Advanced Text Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1582
At times in this guide, <application>Kate</application> is run from the command
1583
line using <application>kdesu</application>, as most configuration files require
1584
root privileges to alter them. It is recommended that you also run
1585
<application>kdesu</application> from the command line when shown in this guide.
1589
If you need to use a text editor from the command line, you can use
1590
<application>nano</application>, which is a simple to use text editor. When
1591
running it from the command line, always use the following command, which
1592
ensures that the editor will not introduce line breaks:<screen>nano -w</screen>
1596
For more information about how to use <application>nano</application>, refer to
1597
the <ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NanoHowto">guide on the wiki</ulink>.
1601
There are also quite a few other terminal-based editors available in Kubuntu,
1602
popular ones include <application>VIM</application> and
1603
<application>Emacs</application> (the pros and cons of each are cause for much
1604
friendly debate within the Linux community). These are often more complex to use
1605
than <application>nano</application>, but are also more powerful.
added
removed
kubuntu/basic-concepts/hi/basic-concepts.xml
