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<!ENTITY % globalent SYSTEM "../../../libs/global.ent">
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<!-- NAMES --><!ENTITY canonical-name "Canonical Ltd.">
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<!ENTITY project-name "Ubuntu Documentation Project">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu "<phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>">
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<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY distro-version "Hardy Heron">
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<!ENTITY distro-rev "8.04">
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<!ENTITY distro-release-date "April 2008">
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<!ENTITY distro-short-codename "hardy">
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<!ENTITY linux-kernel-version "2.6.24">
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<!ENTITY gcc-version "4.2.3">
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<!ENTITY glibc-version "2.7">
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<!ENTITY python-version "2.5.2">
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<!-- AUTHORS --><!ENTITY author-ubuntu-documentation-project SYSTEM "../common/authors/ubuntu-documentation-project.xml">
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<!ENTITY glossary SYSTEM "../common/C/glossary.xml">
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<!-- LEGAL URLs --><!ENTITY gpl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc "http://creativecommons.org/">
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<!ENTITY cc-attrib '<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/">Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc-fulldeed-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode/">
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<!ENTITY fdl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>'>
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<!ENTITY cc-disclaimer-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/disclaimer-popup?lang=en">
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<!-- CANONICAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY canonical-url "http://www.canonical.com">
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<!-- OTHER UBUNTU RELATED RESOURCES --><!ENTITY upstart-url "http://upstart.ubuntu.com">
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<!-- UBUNTU IRC INFORMATION --><!ENTITY irc-network "Freenode">
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<!ENTITY irc-server "irc.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #ubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY xubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #xubuntu">
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<!ENTITY edubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #edubuntu">
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<!-- UBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY ubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-dpkgfile "ubuntu5.10.tar">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-web "http://www.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-main "http://www.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-download "http://www.ubuntu.com/download">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-forums "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-components "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-wiki "http://wiki.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-bugzilla "https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+bugs">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-bugs "https://launchpad.net/products/ubuntu-doc/+bugs">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-support "http://www.ubuntu.com/support">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-paidsupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/paid">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-freesupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/free">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-comments "http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=21787">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation "http://help.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation-repos "https://docteam.ubuntu.com/repos/trunk">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-team "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-list "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-doc">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-shipit "http://shipit.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-launchpad "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-rosetta "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com/rosetta">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-planet "http://planet.ubuntu.com">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-philosophy "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-participate "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-marketplace "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/marketplace">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-hwdb "http://hwdb.ubuntu.com">
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<!-- UBUNTU WIKI RESOURCES --><!ENTITY wiki-UserDocumentation "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UserDocumentation">
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<!ENTITY restricted-formats "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats">
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<!ENTITY wiki-RestrictedFormats "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats">
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<!ENTITY wiki-XChatHowto "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/XChatHowto">
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<!ENTITY wiki-RootSudo "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">
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<!ENTITY wiki-HowToGetHelp "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToGetHelp">
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<!ENTITY transcode "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DVDRippingandEncoding">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Wine "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Wine">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Cedega "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Cedega">
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<!ENTITY wiki-Nano "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NanoHowto">
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<!ENTITY wiki-locoteams "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeamList">
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<!ENTITY wiki-BasicCommands "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BasicCommands">
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<!ENTITY wiki-filepermissions "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FilePermissions">
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<!-- KUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY kubuntu-web "http://www.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-main "http://www.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-download "http://releases.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com/edgy/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-cdpackages-nodefault "http://people.ubuntu.com/~cjwatson/seeds/kubuntu-edgy/ship">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-users/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-users "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-users/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-devel "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-devel/">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-mirrors "http://distrowatch.com/kubuntu">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums "http://kubuntuforums.net">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki "https://wiki.kubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-documentation-site "http://www.kubuntu.org/documentation.php">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki-UserDocumentation "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UserDocumentation">
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<!ENTITY kubuntu-support "http://www.kubuntu.org/support.php">
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<!-- XUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY xubuntu-web "http://www.xubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY xubuntu-main "http://www.xubuntu.org">
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<!ENTITY xubuntu-web-help "http://www.xubuntu.org/help">
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<!-- DEBIAN RESOURCES --><!ENTITY debian-apt "http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">
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<!-- EXTERNAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY linmodem "http://www.linmodems.org/">
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<!ENTITY gnome "http://www.gnome.org/">
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<!ENTITY linuxorg "http://www.linux.org/">
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<!ENTITY ooo "http://www.openoffice.org/">
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<!ENTITY kde "http://www.kde.org/">
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<!ENTITY lugww "http://lugww.counter.li.org/">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-watch "http://distrowatch.com/ubuntu/">
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<!ENTITY realplayer-download "http://www.real.com/linux/">
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<!ENTITY nvu-download "http://www.nvu.com/download.html">
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<!ENTITY sunjava-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
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<!ENTITY xorg "http://www.x.org">
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<!ENTITY dyndns "http://www.dyndns.org">
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<!ENTITY shoutcast "http://www.shoutcast.com/">
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<!ENTITY freedomtoaster "http://www.freedomtoaster.org/">
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<!ENTITY xfce "http://www.xfce.org/">
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<!-- ubuntu-screenshots TODO --><!ENTITY kubuntu-screenshots "http://shots.osdir.com/">
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<!ENTITY mozilla "http://www.mozilla.org/">
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<!ENTITY mozilla-firefox "http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/">
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<!ENTITY gnu "http://www.gnu.org/">
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<!ENTITY gnu-philosophy "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/">
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<!ENTITY win4lin "http://www.win4lin.com">
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<!ENTITY codeweavers "http://www.codeweavers.com">
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<!ENTITY kernel "http://www.kernel.org">
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<!ENTITY google "http://www.google.com">
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<!ENTITY kdelook " http://www.kde-look.org">
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<!ENTITY lulu-store "http://www.lulu.com/ubuntu-doc">
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<!-- this entity controls the url for addons--><!ENTITY java-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
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<!ENTITY skype-deb "skype_1.2.0.17-1_i386.deb">
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<!ENTITY skype-download "http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb">
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<!ENTITY scanmodem-gz "scanModem.gz">
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<!ENTITY scanmodem-url "http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/packages/scanModem.gz">
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<!ENTITY ext2fs-url "http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html">
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<!ENTITY mvb-tar "mvb_1.6.tgz">
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<!ENTITY mvb-url "http://www.xscd.com/pub/mvb/&mvb-tar;">
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<!-- TLDP --><!ENTITY ldp-pre-install-check "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Pre-Installation-Checklist/">
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<!-- LANGUAGES (sorted by two letter code)--><!ENTITY Afar "aa">
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<!ENTITY Abkhazian "ab">
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<!ENTITY Afrikaans "af">
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<!ENTITY Amharic "af">
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<!ENTITY Arabic "ar">
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<!ENTITY Assamese "as">
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<!ENTITY Aymara "ay">
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<!ENTITY Azerbaijani "az">
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<!ENTITY Bashkir "ba">
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<!ENTITY Byelorussian "be">
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<!ENTITY Bulgarian "bg">
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<!ENTITY Bihari "bh">
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<!ENTITY Bislama "bi">
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<!ENTITY Bangla "bn">
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<!ENTITY Bengali "bn">
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<!ENTITY Tibetan "bo">
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<!ENTITY Breton "br">
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<!ENTITY Catalan "ca">
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<!ENTITY Corsican "co">
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<!ENTITY Danish "da">
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<!ENTITY German "de">
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<!ENTITY Bhutani "dz">
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<!-- <!ENTITY EnglishAmerican 'en'> --><!ENTITY EnglishAmerican "C">
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<!ENTITY Esperanto "eo">
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<!ENTITY Spanish "es">
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<!ENTITY Estonian "et">
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<!ENTITY Basque "eu">
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<!ENTITY Persian "fa">
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<!ENTITY Finnish "fi">
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<!ENTITY Faeroese "fo">
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<!ENTITY French "fr">
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<!ENTITY Frisian "fy">
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<!ENTITY Gaelic "gd">
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<!ENTITY ScotsGaelic "gd">
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<!ENTITY Galician "gl">
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<!ENTITY Guarani "gn">
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<!ENTITY Gujarati "gu">
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<!ENTITY Croatian "hr">
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<!ENTITY Hungarian "hu">
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<!ENTITY Armenian "hy">
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<!ENTITY Interlingua "ia">
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<!ENTITY Interlingue "ie">
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<!ENTITY Inupiak "ik">
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<!ENTITY Indonesian "in">
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<!ENTITY Icelandic "is">
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<!ENTITY Italian "it">
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<!ENTITY Hebrew "iw">
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<!ENTITY Japanese "ja">
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<!ENTITY Yiddish "ji">
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<!ENTITY Javanese "jw">
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<!ENTITY Georgian "ka">
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<!ENTITY Kazakh "kk">
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<!ENTITY Greenlandic "kl">
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<!ENTITY Cambodian "km">
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<!ENTITY Kannada "kn">
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<!ENTITY Korean "ko">
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<!ENTITY Kashmiri "ks">
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<!ENTITY Kurdish "ku">
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<!ENTITY Kirghiz "ky">
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<!ENTITY Lingala "ln">
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<!ENTITY Laothian "lo">
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<!ENTITY Lithuanian "lt">
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<!ENTITY Latvian "lv">
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<!ENTITY Lettish "lv">
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<!ENTITY Malagasy "mg">
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<!ENTITY Macedonian "mk">
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<!ENTITY Malayalam "ml">
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<!ENTITY Mongolian "mn">
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<!ENTITY Moldavian "mo">
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<!ENTITY Marathi "mr">
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<!ENTITY Maltese "mt">
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<!ENTITY Burmese "my">
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<!ENTITY Nepali "ne">
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<!ENTITY Norwegian "no">
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<!ENTITY Occitan "oc">
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<!ENTITY Punjabi "pa">
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<!ENTITY Polish "pl">
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<!ENTITY Pushto "ps">
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<!ENTITY Pashto "ps">
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<!ENTITY Portuguese "pt">
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<!ENTITY Quechua "qu">
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<!ENTITY Rhaeto-Romance "rm">
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<!ENTITY Kirundi "rn">
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<!ENTITY Romanian "ro">
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<!ENTITY Russian "ru">
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<!ENTITY Kinyarwanda "rw">
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<!ENTITY Sanskrit "sa">
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<!ENTITY Sindhi "sd">
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<!ENTITY Sangro "sg">
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<!ENTITY Serbo-Croatian "sh">
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<!ENTITY Singhalese "si">
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<!ENTITY Slovak "sk">
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<!ENTITY Slovenian "sl">
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<!ENTITY Samoan "sm">
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<!ENTITY Somali "so">
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<!ENTITY Albanian "sq">
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<!ENTITY Serbian "sr">
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<!ENTITY Siswati "ss">
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<!ENTITY Sesotho "st">
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<!ENTITY Sudanese "su">
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<!ENTITY Swedish "sv">
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<!ENTITY Swahili "sw">
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<!ENTITY Tegulu "te">
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<!ENTITY Tigrinya "ti">
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<!ENTITY Turkmen "tk">
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<!ENTITY Tagalog "tl">
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<!ENTITY Setswana "tn">
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<!ENTITY Turkish "tr">
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<!ENTITY Tsonga "ts">
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<!ENTITY Ukrainian "uk">
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<!ENTITY Vietnamese "vi">
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<!ENTITY Volapuk "vo">
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<!ENTITY Yoruba "yo">
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<!ENTITY Chinese "zh">
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<!ENTITY % cdo-C SYSTEM "../../../libs/cdo-C.ent">
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<!-- COMMON DOC OBJECTS --><!ENTITY copyright SYSTEM "../common/C/copyright.xml">
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<!ENTITY conventions SYSTEM "../common/C/conventions.xml">
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<!ENTITY feedback SYSTEM "../common/C/feedback.xml">
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<!ENTITY publisher SYSTEM "../common/C/publisher.xml">
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<!ENTITY disclaimer SYSTEM "../common/C/disclaimer.xml">
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<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon-header SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon-header.xml">
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<!ENTITY relative-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-relative-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
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<!ENTITY gpl SYSTEM "../common/C/gpl.xml">
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<!ENTITY fdl SYSTEM "../common/C/fdl.xml">
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<!ENTITY cc-by-sa SYSTEM "../common/C/ccbysa.xml">
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<!ENTITY licenses SYSTEM "../common/C/licenses.xml">
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<!ENTITY legalnotice SYSTEM "../common/C/legalnotice.xml">
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<!ENTITY klegalnotice SYSTEM "../kubuntu/libs/legalnotice.xml">
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<!ENTITY % kde SYSTEM "../../libs/kde.ent">
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<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY kde-version "3.5.9">
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<!ENTITY adept "Adept">
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<!ENTITY appshort "<application>Adept</application>">
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<!ENTITY different-user "kdesu">
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<!ENTITY % kde-menus-C SYSTEM "../../libs/kde-menus-C.ent">
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<!-- KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS AT THE VERY END --><!-- KDE MENU Entries --><!ENTITY menuar "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Add/Remove Programs</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuadept "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Adept Manager - Manage Packages</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuakregator "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Akregator - RSS Feed Reader</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuamarok "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Amarok Audio -Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuark "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Ark - Archiving Tool</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuaudacity "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Audacity</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menublender "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Blender</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menubluechat "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Bluetooth Chat</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menublueobex "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Bluetooth OBEX Client</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menudevhelp "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Devhelp</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menudigikam "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>digiKam - Photo Management</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menueclipse "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Eclipse</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuff "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Firefox Web Browser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menufind "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Find
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Files/Folders</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menugambas "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Gambas</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menugimp "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Gimp</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menugwenview "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Gwenview - Image Viewer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
316
<!ENTITY menuhelp "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Help</guimenuitem></menuchoice
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<!ENTITY menuinkscape "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
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<guimenuitem>Inkscape</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuk3b "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
321
<guimenuitem>K3b - CD & DVD Burning</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
322
<!ENTITY menukaffeine "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
323
<guimenuitem>Kaffeine - Media Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
324
<!ENTITY menukaramba "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
325
<guimenuitem>SuperKaramba</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
326
<!ENTITY menukarm "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
327
<guimenuitem>KArm Personal Time Tracker</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
328
<!ENTITY menukatapult "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
329
<guimenuitem>Katapult - KDE launcher</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
330
<!ENTITY menukate "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
331
<guimenuitem>Kate - Advanced Text Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
332
<!ENTITY menuaudiocreator "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
333
<guimenuitem>KAudioCreator - CD Ripper</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
334
<!ENTITY menukcron "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem
335
>KCron - Task Scheduler</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
336
<!ENTITY menugwwiz "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KDE Groupware Wizard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
337
<!ENTITY menukdevelop "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
338
<guimenuitem>KDevelop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
339
<!ENTITY menukeep "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem
340
>Keep Backup System</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
341
<!ENTITY menukexi "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kexi - Database Creator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
342
<!ENTITY menukinfoctr "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KInfoCenter - Info Center</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
343
<!ENTITY menukino "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
344
<guimenuitem>Kino</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
345
<!ENTITY menukivio "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
346
<guimenuitem>Kivio (Flowchart & Diagram
347
Editing)</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
348
<!ENTITY menukjobview "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
349
<guimenuitem>KJobViewer - Print Jobs</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
350
<!ENTITY menukmag "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
351
<guimenuitem>KMag - Screen Magnifier</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
352
<!ENTITY menukmix "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu>
353
<guimenuitem>KMix - Sound Mixer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
354
<!ENTITY menukmouse "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
355
<guimenuitem>KMouseTool - Automatic Mouse Click</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
356
<!ENTITY menukmymoney "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
357
<guimenuitem>KMyMoney2</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY menuknetmgr "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
359
<guimenuitem>KNetworkManager - Network Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
360
<!ENTITY menuknotes "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
361
<guimenuitem>KNotes - Popup Notes</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
362
<!ENTITY menukonqi "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
363
<guimenuitem>Konqueror - Web Browser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
364
<!ENTITY menukonsole "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem
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>Konsole - Terminal Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
366
<!ENTITY menukontact "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kontact - Personal Information Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
367
<!ENTITY menukonv "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Konversation - IRC Client</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
368
<!ENTITY menukooka "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kooka - Scan & OCR Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
369
<!ENTITY menukopete "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kopete - Instant Messager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
370
<!ENTITY menukpdf "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KPDF - PDF Viewer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
371
<!ENTITY menukppp "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KPPP - Internet Dial-Up Tool</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
372
<!ENTITY menukrdc "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Krdc - Remote Desktop Connection</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
373
<!ENTITY menukrfb "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Krfb - Desktop Sharing</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
374
<!ENTITY menukrita "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Krita - Painting and Image Editing</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
375
<!ENTITY menukscd "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Multimedia</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KSCD - CD Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
376
<!ENTITY menuksnap "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KSnapshot - Screen Capture Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
377
<!ENTITY menuksysgd "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KSysGuard - Performance Monitor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
378
<!ENTITY menuksyslog "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KSystemLog - System Logs Viewer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
379
<!ENTITY menuktorrent "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KTorrent - BitTorrent Client</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
380
<!ENTITY menukubdb "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Kubuntu Device Database</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
381
<!ENTITY menulock "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Lock Session</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
382
<!ENTITY menulogout "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Log Out...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
383
<!ENTITY menumonodev "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
384
<guimenuitem>MonoDevelop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
385
<!ENTITY menumonodoc "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
386
<guimenuitem>MonoDoc</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
387
<!ENTITY menuqt4designer "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Development</guisubmenu>
388
<guimenuitem>Qt4 Designer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
389
<!ENTITY menuqtparted "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu>
390
<guimenuitem>QtParted</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
391
<!ENTITY menurun "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Run
392
Command...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
393
<!ENTITY menuscribus "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Graphics</guisubmenu>
394
<guimenuitem>Scribus</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
395
<!ENTITY menuskim "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
396
<guimenuitem>Skim - Input method platform</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
397
<!ENTITY menuspcrnch "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
398
<guimenuitem>SpeedCrunch - Calculator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
399
<!ENTITY menusud "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Switch
400
User</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>username: default (:0,
401
vt7)</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
402
<!ENTITY menusul "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Switch User</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Lock Current & Start New Session</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
403
<!ENTITY menusun "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Switch
404
User</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Start New Session</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
405
<!ENTITY menusysset "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
406
Settings</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
407
<!ENTITY menuwifi "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu>
408
<guimenuitem>Wireless Assistant Wireless LAN
409
Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
410
<!ENTITY menukbandmouse "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
411
Settings</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Keyboard &
412
Mouse</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
413
<!ENTITY menufax "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu><guisubmenuitem>Fax Address Utility</guisubmenuitem></menuchoice>">
414
<!-- OPEN OFFICE --><!ENTITY menuooimpress "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
415
<guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Impress - Presentation</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
416
<!ENTITY menuoocalc "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
417
<guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Calc - Spreadsheet</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
418
<!ENTITY menuoowriter "<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu>
419
<guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Writer - Word Processor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
420
<!-- KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS --><!ENTITY ctrlaltf1 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
421
<keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>">
422
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf2 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
423
<keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>">
424
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf3 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
425
<keycap>F3</keycap></keycombo>">
426
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf4 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
427
<keycap>F4</keycap></keycombo>">
428
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf5 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
429
<keycap>F5</keycap></keycombo>">
430
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf6 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
431
<keycap>F6</keycap></keycombo>">
432
<!ENTITY ctrlaltf7 "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
433
<keycap>F7</keycap></keycombo>">
434
<!ENTITY ctrlaltbkspc "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Backspace</keycap>
436
<!ENTITY % kde-general SYSTEM "/usr/share/apps/ksgmltools2/customization/obsolete/general.entities">
438
KDE general entities for DocBook as used in the KDE documentation
440
Copyright (C) 2002 Frederik Fouvry
442
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
443
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
444
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
445
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
447
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
448
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
449
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
450
GNU General Public License for more details.
452
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
453
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
454
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
456
Send suggestions, comments, etc. to the KDE docbook list
457
<kde-docbook@kde.org>.
462
Refer to this file as
464
"-//KDE//ENTITIES DocBook XML General Entity Declarations V1.1//EN"
466
This file contains what dbgenent.mod should contain and is read
467
after all other files just like dbgenent.mod should be.
469
--><!-- ============================================================= --><!-- Extensions to the DocBook DTD --><!-- ============================================================= --><!-- E.g. KDE specific entities (see also dbgenent.mod for this) --><!-- Legal texts we put in a specific place
470
so that we don't need to cut'n'paste them to every doc
471
--><!ENTITY GPL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License V2 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" NDATA SGML>
472
<!ENTITY GPL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License V2//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" NDATA linespecific>
473
<!ENTITY GPLNotice PUBLIC "-//KDE//DOCUMENT GNU General Public License Notice//EN" "../en/entities/gpl-notice.docbook">
474
<!-- meant for inclusion, so no [CN]DATA SGML (why?) --><!ENTITY LGPL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License V2.1 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html" NDATA SGML>
475
<!ENTITY LGPL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License V2.1//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html" NDATA linespecific>
476
<!ENTITY LGPLNotice PUBLIC "-//KDE//DOCUMENT GNU Lesser General Public License Notice//EN" "../en/entities/lgpl-notice.docbook">
477
<!-- meant for inclusion, so no [CN]DATA SGML --><!ENTITY FDL-html PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Free Documentation License V1.1 (HTML)//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" NDATA SGML>
478
<!ENTITY FDL PUBLIC "-//GNU//DOCUMENT GNU Free Documentation License V1.1//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" NDATA linespecific>
479
<!-- FDLNotice is defined in lang.entities (why?) --><!-- KDE index generation
480
Set addindex to IGNORE to stop index generation
481
Indices are generated on the fly, so no intermediate file is needed
482
--><!ENTITY % addindex "INCLUDE">
483
<!ENTITY documentation.index "<index></index>">
484
<!--ENTITY kapp "(Oops - someone forgot to fill in the application name here)" --><!-- Entities to fill in slots in docbook version of FDL notice --><!ENTITY % FDLIS "IGNORE">
485
<!ENTITY % FDLFCT "IGNORE">
486
<!ENTITY % FDLBCT "IGNORE">
487
<!-- These are the language-independent entities. They can be (more
488
or less) freely extended. Keep this list sorted and sensible.
489
Make sure you always add full markup to the text.
491
Naming policy: name the entity like you would see the text
492
(inclusive case). KDE entities are always lowercased. Spaces
493
are omitted. Examples: Qt (for "Qt"), RedHat (for "Red Hat"),
494
kfloppy (for "KFloppy") . (Entity names cannot start with digits,
495
in that case, use the written form for the first digit.)
497
DO NOT JUST RENAME ENTITIES! That implies removal of an existing
498
entity and that may change the validity of documents, which must
499
not happen. Place the name you wish to remove in the list of
500
obsolete entities (depending on the case, the expansion is
501
redefined or kept as it was); the new name goes in the official list.
502
A later version of the DTD (with another version number!) will
503
effectively remove these entities. In that way, old documents
504
remain valid, while new ones can only use the new declarations.
505
--><!ENTITY AIX "<trademark class='registered'>AIX</trademark>">
506
<!ENTITY aktion "<application>aKtion</application>">
507
<!ENTITY amor "<application>AMOR</application>">
508
<!ENTITY ark "<application>Ark</application>">
509
<!ENTITY arts "<application>aRts</application>">
510
<!ENTITY arts-builder "<application>aRts-builder</application>">
511
<!ENTITY artscontrol "<application>artscontrol</application>">
512
<!ENTITY artsd "<application>artsd</application>">
513
<!ENTITY artsdsp "<application>artsdsp</application>">
514
<!ENTITY artsserver "<application>artsserver</application>">
515
<!ENTITY artsshell "<application>artsshell</application>">
516
<!ENTITY artswrapper "<application>artswrapper</application>">
517
<!ENTITY ATAPI "<acronym>ATAPI</acronym>">
518
<!ENTITY atlantik "<application>Atlantik</application>">
519
<!ENTITY brahms "<application>Brahms</application>">
520
<!ENTITY catalogmanager "<application>Catalog Manager</application>">
521
<!ENTITY CD "<acronym>CD</acronym>">
522
<!ENTITY CDE "<acronym>CDE</acronym>">
523
<!ENTITY CD-ROM "<acronym>CD-ROM</acronym>">
524
<!ENTITY cervisia "<application>Cervisia</application>">
525
<!ENTITY CSS "<trademark>CSS</trademark>">
526
<!ENTITY CUPS "<acronym>CUPS</acronym>">
527
<!ENTITY drkonqi "<application>DrKonqi</application>">
528
<!ENTITY DCOP "<acronym>DCOP</acronym>">
529
<!ENTITY DVI "<acronym>DVI</acronym>">
530
<!ENTITY ELF "<acronym>ELF</acronym>">
531
<!ENTITY Emacs "<application>Emacs</application>">
532
<!ENTITY flashkard "<application>FlashKard</application>">
533
<!ENTITY FTP "<acronym>FTP</acronym>">
534
<!ENTITY gcc "<command>gcc</command>">
535
<!ENTITY GIF "<acronym>GIF</acronym>">
536
<!ENTITY GMT "<acronym>GMT</acronym>">
537
<!ENTITY GNU "<acronym>GNU</acronym>">
538
<!ENTITY GUI "<acronym>GUI</acronym>">
539
<!ENTITY Handspring "<trademark>Handspring</trademark>">
540
<!ENTITY Hewlett-Packard '<trademark class="registered">Hewlett-Packard</trademark>'>
541
<!ENTITY HotSync '<trademark class="registered">HotSync</trademark>'>
542
<!ENTITY HP '<trademark class="registered">HP</trademark>'>
543
<!ENTITY HP-UX '<trademark class="registered">HP-UX</trademark>'>
544
<!ENTITY HTTP "<acronym>HTTP</acronym>">
545
<!ENTITY IRIX '<trademark class="registered">IRIX</trademark>'>
546
<!ENTITY Java "<trademark>Java</trademark>">
547
<!ENTITY Jini "<trademark>Jini</trademark>">
548
<!ENTITY kab2 "<application>Kab2</application>">
549
<!ENTITY kenolaba "<application>Kenolaba</application>">
550
<!ENTITY kaboodle "<application>Kaboodle</application>">
551
<!ENTITY kaddressbook "<application>KAddressBook</application>">
552
<!ENTITY kalarm "<application>KAlarm</application>">
553
<!ENTITY kalarmd "<application>KAlarmd</application>">
554
<!ENTITY kalzium "<application>Kalzium</application>">
555
<!ENTITY kamera "<application>Kamera</application>">
556
<!ENTITY kandy "<application>Kandy</application>">
557
<!ENTITY kappfinder "<application>Kappfinder</application>">
558
<!ENTITY kaphorism "<application>KAphorism</application>">
559
<!ENTITY karm "<application>KArm</application>">
560
<!ENTITY kasteroids "<application>KAsteroids</application>">
561
<!ENTITY kate "<application>Kate</application>">
562
<!ENTITY katomic "<application>KAtomic</application>">
563
<!ENTITY kbabel "<application>KBabel</application>">
564
<!ENTITY kbabeldict "<application>KBabelDict</application>">
565
<!ENTITY kbackgammon "<application>KBackgammon</application>">
566
<!ENTITY kbattleship "<application>KBattleship</application>">
567
<!ENTITY kbiff "<application>KBiff</application>">
568
<!ENTITY kblackbox "<application>KBlackbox</application>">
569
<!ENTITY kbounce "<application>KBounce</application>">
570
<!ENTITY kbugbuster "<application>kbugbuster</application>">
571
<!ENTITY kcalc "<application>KCalc</application>">
572
<!ENTITY kcharselect "<application>KCharSelect</application>">
573
<!ENTITY kchart "<application>KChart</application>">
574
<!ENTITY kchat "<application>KChat</application>">
575
<!ENTITY kcontrol "<application>KControl</application>">
576
<!ENTITY kcron "<application>KCron</application>">
577
<!ENTITY kdat "<application>KDat</application>">
578
<!ENTITY kdebugdialog "<application>KDebugDialog</application>">
579
<!ENTITY kde-http '<ulink url="http://www.kde.org/">http://www.kde.org/</ulink>'>
580
<!ENTITY kde-ftp '<ulink url="ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/">ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/</ulink>'>
581
<!ENTITY kdepasswd "<application>kdepasswd</application>">
582
<!ENTITY kdesktop "<application>KDesktop</application>">
583
<!ENTITY kdessh "<application>kdessh</application>">
584
<!ENTITY kdesu "<application>KDE su</application>">
585
<!ENTITY kdiskfree "<application>KDiskFree</application>">
586
<!ENTITY kdict "<application>KDict</application>">
587
<!ENTITY kdm "<application>kdm</application>">
588
<!ENTITY kdvi "<application>KDVI</application>">
589
<!ENTITY kedit "<application>KEdit</application>">
590
<!ENTITY keduca "<application>KEduca</application>">
591
<!ENTITY keystone "<application>Keystone</application>">
592
<!ENTITY kfax "<application>KFax</application>">
593
<!ENTITY kfaxview "<application>Kfaxview</application>">
594
<!ENTITY kfind "<application>KFind</application>">
595
<!ENTITY kfloppy "<application>Kfloppy</application>">
596
<!ENTITY kformula "<application>KFormula</application>">
597
<!ENTITY kfouleggs "<application>KFoulEggs</application>">
598
<!ENTITY kfract "<application>KFract</application>">
599
<!ENTITY khangman "<application>KHangMan</application>">
600
<!ENTITY kgeo "<application>KGeo</application>">
601
<!ENTITY kghostview "<application>KGhostView</application>">
602
<!ENTITY khelpcenter "<application>KHelpCenter</application>">
603
<!ENTITY khexedit "<application>KHexEdit</application>">
604
<!ENTITY kicker "<application>Kicker</application>">
605
<!ENTITY kiconedit "<application>KIconEdit</application>">
606
<!ENTITY kikbd "<application>kikbd</application>">
607
<!ENTITY kit "<application>Kit</application>">
608
<!ENTITY kiten "<application>Kiten</application>">
609
<!ENTITY kivio "<application>Kivio</application>">
610
<!ENTITY kjots "<application>KJots</application>">
611
<!ENTITY kjumpingcube "<application>KJumpingCube</application>">
612
<!ENTITY klaptop "<application>KLaptop</application>">
613
<!ENTITY klatin "<application>KLatin</application>">
614
<!ENTITY klettres "<application>KLettres</application>">
615
<!ENTITY kolorlines "<application>Kolor Lines</application>">
616
<!ENTITY klipper "<application>Klipper</application>">
617
<!ENTITY kljettool "<application>KLjettool</application>">
618
<!ENTITY klpq "<application>Klpq</application>">
619
<!ENTITY klprfax "<application>Klprfax</application>">
620
<!ENTITY kmahjongg "<application>KMahjongg</application>">
621
<!ENTITY kmail "<application>KMail</application>">
622
<!ENTITY kmathtool "<application>KMathTool</application>">
623
<!ENTITY kmenuedit "<application>kmenuedit</application>">
624
<!ENTITY kmessedwords "<application>KMessedWords</application>">
625
<!ENTITY kmid "<application>KMid</application>">
626
<!ENTITY kmidi "<application>KMidi</application>">
627
<!ENTITY kmines "<application>KMines</application>">
628
<!ENTITY kmix "<application>KMix</application>">
629
<!ENTITY kmplot "<application>KmPlot</application>">
630
<!ENTITY knewsticker "<application>KNewsTicker</application>">
631
<!ENTITY knode "<application>KNode</application>">
632
<!ENTITY knotes "<application>KNotes</application>">
633
<!ENTITY knorskverbs "<application>KNorskVerbs</application>">
634
<!ENTITY kodometer "<application>KOdometer</application>">
635
<!ENTITY koffice "<application>KOffice</application>">
636
<!ENTITY kolf "<application>Kolf</application>">
637
<!ENTITY kompare "<application>Kompare</application>">
638
<!ENTITY koncd "<application>KOnCD</application>">
639
<!ENTITY konqueror "<application>Konqueror</application>">
640
<!ENTITY konquest "<application>Konquest</application>">
641
<!ENTITY konsole "<application>Konsole</application>">
642
<!ENTITY kontour "<application>Kontour</application>">
643
<!ENTITY kooka "<application>Kooka</application>">
644
<!ENTITY korganizer "<application>KOrganizer</application>">
645
<!ENTITY korn "<application>KOrn</application>">
646
<!ENTITY koshell "<application>KOShell</application>">
647
<!ENTITY kotalkd "<application>KOTalkd</application>">
648
<!ENTITY kpackage "<application>KPackage</application>">
649
<!ENTITY kpager "<application>KPager</application>">
650
<!ENTITY kpaint "<application>KPaint</application>">
651
<!ENTITY kpanel "<application>KPanel</application>">
652
<!ENTITY kpatience "<application>KPatience</application>">
653
<!ENTITY kpercentage "<application>KPercentage</application>">
654
<!ENTITY kpilot "<application>KPilot</application>">
655
<!ENTITY kpf "<application>kpf</application>">
656
<!ENTITY kpm "<application>Kpm</application>">
657
<!ENTITY kpresenter "<application>KPresenter</application>">
658
<!ENTITY kpoker "<application>KPoker</application>">
659
<!ENTITY kpovmodeler "<application>KPovModeler</application>">
660
<!ENTITY kppp "<application>KPPP</application>">
661
<!ENTITY kreatecd "<application>KreateCD</application>">
662
<!ENTITY krec "<application>KRec</application>">
663
<!ENTITY kregexpeditor "<application>KRegExpEditor</application>">
664
<!ENTITY kreversi "<application>KReversi</application>">
665
<!ENTITY krita "<application>Krita</application>">
666
<!ENTITY kruler "<application>KRuler</application>">
667
<!ENTITY ksame "<application>KSame</application>">
668
<!ENTITY kscd "<application>KsCD</application>">
669
<!ENTITY kscore "<application>KScore</application>">
670
<!ENTITY kscreensaver "<application>KScreensaver</application>">
671
<!ENTITY ksgmltools "<application>ksgmltools</application>">
672
<!ENTITY kshisen "<application>KShisen</application>">
673
<!ENTITY ksim "<application>KSim</application>">
674
<!ENTITY ksirc "<application>KSirc</application>">
675
<!ENTITY ksirtet "<application>KSirtet</application>">
676
<!ENTITY ksmiletris "<application>KSmiletris</application>">
677
<!ENTITY ksnake "<application>KSnake</application>">
678
<!ENTITY ksnapshot "<application>KSnapshot</application>">
679
<!ENTITY ksokoban "<application>KSokoban</application>">
680
<!ENTITY kspaceduel "<application>KSpaceDuel</application>">
681
<!ENTITY kspell "<application>KSpell</application>">
682
<!ENTITY kspread "<application>KSpread</application>">
683
<!ENTITY kstars "<application>KStars</application>">
684
<!ENTITY kstart "<application>kstart</application>">
685
<!ENTITY ksysctrl "<application>KSysctrl</application>">
686
<!ENTITY ksysguard "<application>KSysguard</application>">
687
<!ENTITY ksysv "<application>KSysV</application>">
688
<!ENTITY ktalk "<application>KTalk</application>">
689
<!ENTITY ktalkd "<application>KTalkd</application>">
690
<!ENTITY kteatime "<application>KTeaTime</application>">
691
<!ENTITY kthesaurus "<application>KThesaurus</application>">
692
<!ENTITY ktimemon "<application>KTimemon</application>">
693
<!ENTITY ktimer "<application>KTimer</application>">
694
<!ENTITY ktip "<application>KTip</application>">
695
<!ENTITY ktouch "<application>KTouch</application>">
696
<!ENTITY ktron "<application>KTron</application>">
697
<!ENTITY ktuberling "<application>KTuberling</application>">
698
<!ENTITY kugar "<application>Kugar</application>">
699
<!ENTITY kuickshow "<application>KuickShow</application>">
700
<!ENTITY kuser "<application>KUser</application>">
701
<!ENTITY kview "<application>KView</application>">
702
<!ENTITY kviewshell "<application>KViewshell</application>">
703
<!ENTITY kvoctrain "<application>KVocTrain</application>">
704
<!ENTITY kworldclock "<application>KWorldClock</application>">
705
<!ENTITY kword "<application>KWord</application>">
706
<!ENTITY kwin "<application>KWin</application>">
707
<!ENTITY k4wins "<application>K Four Wins</application>">
708
<!ENTITY kwrite "<application>KWrite</application>">
709
<!ENTITY kwuftpd "<application>kwuftpd</application>">
710
<!ENTITY LaserJet '<trademark class="registered">LaserJet</trademark>'>
711
<!ENTITY lisa "<application>Lisa</application>">
712
<!ENTITY Linux '<trademark class="registered">Linux</trademark>'>
713
<!ENTITY Linux-Mandrake "<trademark>Linux-Mandrake</trademark>">
714
<!ENTITY LinuxPPC "<trademark>LinuxPPC</trademark>">
715
<!ENTITY lskat "<application>Lskat</application>">
716
<!ENTITY LZW "<acronym>LZW</acronym>">
717
<!ENTITY Mac '<trademark class="registered">Mac</trademark>'>
718
<!ENTITY MacOS '<trademark class="registered">Mac</trademark> <acronym>OS</acronym>'>
719
<!ENTITY Mandrake "<trademark>Mandrake</trademark>">
720
<!ENTITY megami "<application>Megami</application>">
721
<!ENTITY Microsoft '<trademark class="registered">Microsoft</trademark>'>
722
<!ENTITY MIDI "<acronym>MIDI</acronym>">
723
<!ENTITY MIME "<acronym>MIME</acronym>">
724
<!ENTITY moonphase "<application>Moon Phase</application>">
725
<!ENTITY Motif '<trademark class="registered">Motif</trademark>'>
726
<!ENTITY MRU "<acronym>MRU</acronym>">
727
<!ENTITY MTU "<acronym>MTU</acronym>">
728
<!ENTITY MusiXTeX "<application>MusiXTeX</application>">
729
<!ENTITY Netscape '<trademark class="registered">Netscape</trademark>'>
730
<!ENTITY NeXTSTEP "<trademark>NeXTSTEP</trademark>">
731
<!ENTITY noatun "<application>Noatun</application>">
732
<!ENTITY PalmOS '<trademark class="registered">Palm OS</trademark>'>
733
<!ENTITY PalmPilot "<productname><trademark>PalmPilot</trademark></productname>">
734
<!ENTITY PMX "<application>PMX</application>">
735
<!-- acronym too? --><!ENTITY PostScript '<trademark class="registered">PostScript</trademark>'>
736
<!ENTITY PPP "<acronym>PPP</acronym>">
737
<!ENTITY quanta "<application>Quanta</application>">
738
<!ENTITY quantaplus "<application>Quanta Plus</application>">
739
<!ENTITY Qt "<trademark>Qt</trademark>">
740
<!ENTITY RedHat '<trademark class="registered">Red Hat</trademark>'>
741
<!ENTITY reslisa "<application>ResLisa</application>">
742
<!ENTITY Sendmail '<application><trademark class="registered">sendmail</trademark></application>'>
743
<!ENTITY SMTP "<acronym>SMTP</acronym>">
744
<!ENTITY SGI "<trademark>SGI</trademark>">
745
<!ENTITY Solaris "<trademark>Solaris</trademark>">
746
<!ENTITY SuSE '<acronym><trademark class="registered">SuSE</trademark></acronym>'>
747
<!ENTITY ThreeCom '<trademark class="registered">3Com</trademark>'>
748
<!ENTITY tkmidi "<application>tkmidi</application>">
749
<!ENTITY TrueType '<trademark class="registered">TrueType</trademark>'>
750
<!ENTITY UNIX '<trademark class="registered">UNIX</trademark>'>
751
<!ENTITY URL "<acronym>URL</acronym>">
752
<!ENTITY URI "<acronym>URI</acronym>">
753
<!ENTITY Visor "<trademark>Visor</trademark>">
754
<!ENTITY windowmaker "<application>Window Maker</application>">
755
<!ENTITY Windows '<trademark class="registered">Windows</trademark>'>
756
<!ENTITY WordNet '<trademark class="registered">WordNet</trademark>'>
757
<!ENTITY Wordperfect '<application><trademark class="registered">WordPerfect</trademark></application>'>
758
<!ENTITY X-Server "<application>X-Server</application>">
759
<!ENTITY XEmacs "<application>XEmacs</application>">
760
<!ENTITY X-Window '<trademark class="registered">X Window System</trademark>'>
761
<!ENTITY XHTML "<trademark>XHTML</trademark>">
762
<!ENTITY XML "<trademark>XML</trademark>">
763
<!ENTITY XSL "<trademark>XSL</trademark>">
764
<!-- Defaults, do NOT add anything to this without checking with the docbook
765
team. --><!ENTITY package "This application isn't part of a KDE package">
766
<!-- Obsolete entities --><!-- Put them here; they will be removed at some stage --><!ENTITY artsbuilder "<application>aRts-builder</application>">
767
<!ENTITY kdf "<application>KDiskFree</application>">
768
<!ENTITY klaptopdaemon "<application>KLaptop</application>">
769
<!ENTITY klines "<application>Kolor Lines</application>">
770
<!ENTITY kmoon "<application>Moon Phase</application>">
771
<!ENTITY kodo "<application>KOdometer</application>">
772
<!ENTITY kpat "<application>KPatience</application>">
773
<!ENTITY kwin4 "<application>K Four Wins</application>">
774
<!ENTITY % xinclude SYSTEM "../../../libs/xinclude.mod">
775
<!ELEMENT xi:include (xi:fallback)?>
776
<!ATTLIST xi:include xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
777
<!ATTLIST xi:include href CDATA #REQUIRED>
778
<!ATTLIST xi:include parse (xml | text) "xml">
779
<!ATTLIST xi:include xpointer CDATA #IMPLIED>
780
<!ATTLIST xi:include encoding CDATA #IMPLIED>
781
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept CDATA #IMPLIED>
782
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept-charset CDATA #IMPLIED>
783
<!ATTLIST xi:include accept-language CDATA #IMPLIED>
784
<!ELEMENT xi:fallback ANY>
785
<!ATTLIST xi:fallback xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
786
<!ENTITY % local.preface.class "| xi:include">
787
<!ENTITY % local.part.class "| xi:include">
788
<!ENTITY % local.chapter.class "| xi:include">
789
<!ENTITY % local.divcomponent.mix "| xi:include">
790
<!ENTITY % local.para.char.mix "| xi:include">
791
<!ENTITY % local.info.class "| xi:include">
792
<!ENTITY % local.common.attrib "xmlns:xi CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude'">
793
<!ENTITY language "en">
795
<article id="basic-concepts" status="complete" lang="bn">
797
<title>Basic Concepts</title>
800
<title>স্বীকৃতি এবং লাইসেন্স</title>
801
<para>This document is maintained by the Ubuntu documentation team
802
(https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam). For a list of contributors, see the
803
<ulink type="help" url="help:/kubuntu/contributors.html">contributors
805
<para>এই ডকুমেন্টটির লাইসেন্স নিম্নোক্ত: Creative Commons ShareAlike 2.5 License (CC-BY-SA) ৷</para>
806
<para>আপনি উবুন্টু ডকুমেন্টেশন সোর্স কোড এই লাইসেন্সের অধীনে যথেচ্ছ পরিবর্তন, যোগ ও উন্নততর করতে পারেন ৷ আপনার পরিবর্তীত সব কাজও উপরোক্ত লাইসেন্সের আওতায় আসবে ৷</para>
807
<para>আশা করা হচ্ছে যে এই ডকুমেনটেশনটি কার্যকর হবে, কিন্তু কোনরকম ওয়ারেন্টি ব্যতীত; MERCHANTABILITYএর implied warranty ব্যতীত অথবা DISCLAIMER এ বর্ণনাকৃত একটি বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যের জন্য।</para>
808
<para>A copy of the license is available here: <ulink type="help" url="help:/kubuntu/ccbysa.html">Creative
809
Commons ShareAlike License</ulink>.</para>
812
<year>2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008</year>
813
<holder>ক্যানোনিক্যাল লিমিটেড এবং উবুন্টু ডকুমেন্টেশন প্রকল্পের সদস্যবৃন্দ</holder>
816
<publishername>উবুন্টু ডকুমেন্টেশন প্রকল্প</publishername>
821
This chapter introduces you to basic concepts which are useful when getting
822
started with a Kubuntu system.
827
<!-- DIRECTORIES AND FILE SYSTEMS -->
828
<sect1 id="directories-file-systems" status="complete">
829
<title>ডিরেক্টরি এবং ফাইল সিস্টেম</title>
831
<para>লিনাক্স এবং ইউনিক্সে সব কিছুই ফাইল. ডিরেক্টরি, ফাইল, ডিভাইস সবই ফাইল. ডিভাইসগুলোকে সাধারনত নোড হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করা হয়. তারপরেও এরা আসলে ফাইলই</para>
834
Linux and Unix file systems are organized in a hierarchical, tree-like
835
structure. The highest level of the file system is the <filename>/</filename>
836
or root directory. All other files and directories exist under the root
837
directory. For example, <filename>/home/konqi/kubuntu.odt</filename> shows
838
the correct full path, or absolute path, to the <filename>kubuntu.odt</filename>
839
file that exists in the <filename>konqi</filename> directory, which is under
840
the <filename>home</filename> directory, which in turn is under the root
841
(<filename>/</filename>) directory.
845
Underneath the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory is a set of important
846
directories common to most Linux distributions. The following is a listing of
847
common directories that are directly under the root (<filename>/</filename>)
852
<varlistentry><term><filename>/bin</filename></term>
855
Important commands, which historically have been <emphasis>bin</emphasis>ary,
856
but may also be shell scripts.
861
<varlistentry><term><filename>/boot</filename></term>
864
<emphasis>Boot</emphasis> configuration files, kernels, and other files needed
865
at <emphasis>boot</emphasis> time.
870
<varlistentry><term><filename>/dev</filename></term>
873
The <emphasis>dev</emphasis>ice files.
878
<varlistentry><term><filename>/etc</filename></term>
881
Configuration files, startup scripts, <emphasis>etc</emphasis>.
886
<varlistentry><term><filename>/home</filename></term>
889
<emphasis>Home</emphasis> directories for different users.
894
<varlistentry><term><filename>/initrd</filename></term>
897
Used when creating a customized <emphasis>init</emphasis>ial
898
<emphasis>R</emphasis>AM <emphasis>D</emphasis>isk.
903
<varlistentry><term><filename>/lib</filename></term>
906
System <emphasis>lib</emphasis>raries.
911
<varlistentry><term><filename>/lost+found</filename></term>
914
Provides a <emphasis>lost+found</emphasis> system for files that exist under the
915
root (<filename>/</filename>) directory.
920
<varlistentry><term><filename>/media</filename></term>
923
Automatically mounted (loaded) removable <emphasis>media</emphasis> such as CDs,
924
digital cameras, etc.
929
<varlistentry><term><filename>/mnt</filename></term>
932
Manually <emphasis>m</emphasis>ou<emphasis>nt</emphasis>ed filesystems on your
938
<varlistentry><term><filename>/opt</filename></term>
942
Provides a location for <emphasis>opt</emphasis>ional (3rd party) applications
943
to be installed; these are usually statically compiled and can be used in other
944
versions or Linux distributions.
949
<varlistentry><term><filename>/proc</filename></term>
952
Special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the
953
system, including currently running <emphasis>proc</emphasis>esses.
958
<varlistentry><term><filename>/root</filename></term>
961
<emphasis>Root</emphasis> user's home directory, pronounced
967
<varlistentry><term><filename>/sbin</filename></term>
971
Important <emphasis>s</emphasis>ystem <emphasis>bin</emphasis>aries and scripts,
972
usually intended to be run as the root user.
977
<varlistentry><term><filename>/srv</filename></term>
980
Can contain files that are <emphasis>s</emphasis>e<emphasis>rv</emphasis>ed to
986
<varlistentry><term><filename>/sys</filename></term>
989
Similar to the /proc filesystem, but contains <emphasis>sys</emphasis>tem
990
information not related to running processes.
995
<varlistentry><term><filename>/tmp</filename></term>
998
<emphasis>t</emphasis>e<emphasis>mp</emphasis>orary files.
1003
<varlistentry><term><filename>/usr</filename></term>
1006
Applications and read-only files that are mostly available for all
1007
<emphasis>us</emphasis>e<emphasis>r</emphasis>s to access.
1012
<varlistentry><term><filename>/var</filename></term>
1015
<emphasis>var</emphasis>iable files such as logs and databases.
1023
<!-- PERMISSIONS -->
1024
<sect1 id="permissions" status="complete">
1025
<title>অনুমতি</title>
1028
All of the files on a Linux system have permissions that allow or prevent others
1029
from viewing, modifying or executing them. The superuser "root" has the ability
1030
to access any file on the system. Each file has access restrictions, user
1031
restrictions, and an owner/group association.
1035
Every file is secured by the following three layers of permissions, in order of
1040
<varlistentry><term>ব্যবহারকারী</term>
1043
Applies to the user who is the owner of the file.
1048
<varlistentry><term>গ্রুপ</term>
1051
Applies to the group that is associated with the file.
1056
<varlistentry><term>অন্যান্য</term>
1059
Applies to all other users.
1066
Inside each of the three sets of permissions are the actual permissions. The
1067
permissions, along with the way they apply differently to files and directories,
1072
<varlistentry><term>পড়া</term>
1075
Files or directory contents that can be <emphasis>viewed</emphasis> only.
1080
<varlistentry><term>লেখা</term>
1083
Files or directory contents that can be modified or deleted.
1088
<varlistentry><term>চালানো</term>
1091
Files that can be run as a program or directories that can be entered.
1098
To view and edit the permissions on files and directories, first open
1099
<application>Konqueror</application> in file manager mode by selecting
1100
<guilabel>Home Folder</guilabel> from the <guimenu>System Menu</guimenu> located
1101
next to the <application>KMenu</application> icon in the bottom left corner of
1102
your display. To display the dialog to allow permission editing,
1103
<mousebutton>right</mousebutton> click on a file or directory, then select
1104
<guimenu>Properties</guimenu>. The permissions are found under the
1105
<guilabel>Permissions</guilabel> tab and allow for the editing of all
1106
permission levels, if you are the owner of the file.
1110
<!-- ROOT AND SUDO -->
1111
<sect1 id="root-and-sudo" status="complete">
1112
<title>Root And Sudo</title>
1115
The root user in Linux is the user which has administrative access to your
1116
system. Normal users do not have this access for security reasons.
1117
Kubuntu does not enable the root user. Instead, administrative access is given
1118
to individual users, who may use the "sudo" application to perform
1119
administrative tasks. The first user account you created on your system during
1120
installation will, by default, have access to sudo <emphasis>s</emphasis>uper
1121
<emphasis>u</emphasis>ser <emphasis>do</emphasis>. You can restrict and enable
1122
sudo access to users with the <application>Users and Groups</application>
1123
application (review the <ulink type="help" url="help:/kubuntu/keeping-safe/">Keeping Safe</ulink> documentation for more
1128
When you run an application that requires root privileges, sudo will ask you to
1129
input your normal user password. This ensures that rogue applications cannot
1130
damage your system, and serves as a reminder that you are about to perform
1131
administrative actions which require you to be careful!
1135
To use sudo when using the command line, simply type "sudo" before the command
1136
you wish to run. Sudo will then prompt you for your password.
1140
Sudo will remember your password for a set amount of time (15 minutes by
1141
default). This feature was designed to allow users to perform multiple
1142
administrative tasks without being asked for a password each time.
1147
Be careful when doing administrative tasks -- you could very well damage your
1153
Some other tips for using sudo:
1159
To use a "root" terminal, type "sudo -i" at the command line
1165
The entire group of default graphical configuration tools in Kubuntu already
1166
uses sudo, so you will be prompted for your password if needed using
1167
<application>kdesu</application>, which is a graphical frontend to
1168
<application>sudo</application>.
1174
For more information on the <application>sudo</application> program and the
1175
absence of a root user in Kubuntu, read the <ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">sudo
1176
page</ulink> on the Ubuntu wiki.
1181
<sect2 id="run-application-root" status="complete">
1182
<title>Start a Program Manually with Root Privileges</title>
1185
Sometimes it is necessary to run a program with root privileges. This is easy to
1186
do with the <application>Run Command</application> dialog.
1191
Be careful when doing administrative tasks -- you could very well damage your
1199
Open the <application>Run Command</application> dialog by typing:
1201
<keycap>Alt</keycap>
1209
Enter the name of the program you wish to run, <emphasis>prefixed</emphasis>
1210
with <application>kdesu</application> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. For
1211
example, to launch the file manager <application>Konqueror</application>
1212
with root privileges, type <screen>kdesu konqueror</screen>
1220
<!-- USER MANAGEMENT -->
1221
<sect1 id="user-mgmt" status="draft">
1222
<title>User Management</title>
1224
<procedure><title>Adding a user</title>
1227
Open <application>System Settings</application> by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
1228
Settings</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1233
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guiicon>User Management</guiicon> icon.
1238
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Administrator
1239
Mode...</guibutton> button. When prompted for a password, enter you user
1240
password and press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.
1245
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>New...</guibutton> button.
1250
In the <guilabel>User Account - KDE Control Module</guilabel>, enter the
1251
necessary information under the <guilabel>Details</guilabel> and
1252
<guilabel>Password & Security</guilabel> sections. When you are complete,
1253
press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button. The following examples are provided
1254
to you for a better understanding.
1255
<example><title>New User <guilabel>Details</guilabel></title>
1258
<imagedata fileref="../../images/C/adduser_details.png" format="PNG"/>
1262
<example><title>New User <guilabel>Password & Security</guilabel></title>
1265
<imagedata fileref="../../images/C/adduser_security.png" format="PNG"/>
1273
<procedure><title>Removing a user</title>
1276
Open <application>System Settings</application> by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
1277
Settings</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1282
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guiicon>User Management</guiicon> icon.
1287
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Administrator
1288
Mode...</guibutton> button. When prompted for a password, enter you user
1289
password and press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.
1294
Highlight the user that you would like to delete.
1299
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Delete...</guibutton> button.
1304
When prompted with the <guilabel>Delete User Account - KDE Control
1305
Module</guilabel> dialog, you have two options:
1309
<guilabel>Delete home directory (/home/username)</guilabel> - this will remove
1310
the user's home directory, therefor clearing up space on your hard drive. If
1311
there is information you would like to backup, do so before deleting this
1317
<guilabel>Delete group 'username' (1002)</guilabel> - this will remove the
1318
group that was created for the user. Note your option may look different.
1326
<procedure><title>Changing a user's password</title>
1329
Open <application>System Settings</application> by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guimenuitem>System
1330
Settings</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1335
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guiicon>User Management</guiicon> icon.
1340
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Administrator
1341
Mode...</guibutton> button. When prompted for a password, enter you user
1342
password and press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.
1347
Highlight the user whose password you would like to change.
1352
<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the <guibutton>Modify...</guibutton> button.
1357
When prompted with the <guilabel>User Account - KDE Control Module</guilabel>,
1358
select the <guilabel>Password & Security</guilabel> tab. Type in the
1359
password you would like to change it to, as well as any of the security
1360
settings you would like. When you are complete, press the
1361
<guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.
1368
<sect1 id="terminals" status="complete">
1369
<title>Terminal</title>
1372
Working at the command line is not as daunting a task as you would think. There
1373
is no special knowledge needed to use the command line as it is a program like
1374
everything else. Most things in Linux can be done using the command line.
1375
Although there are graphical tools for most programs, sometimes they are just
1376
not enough. This is where the command line comes in handy.
1380
The terminal is often called the command prompt or the shell. In days gone by,
1381
this was the way the user interacted with the computer; however, Linux users
1382
have found that the use of the shell can be quicker than a graphical method and
1383
still holds some merit today. Here you will learn how to use the terminal.
1387
The original use of the terminal was as a file browser, and indeed it is still
1388
used as a file browser. You can use the terminal as a file browser to navigate
1389
your files and undo the changes that have been made.
1392
<sect2 id="starting-konsole" status="complete">
1393
<title>Starting the Terminal</title>
1396
The <application>Konsole</application> can be started by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Konsole - Terminal Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1400
<sect2 id="common-commands" status="complete">
1401
<title>Common Commands</title>
1404
<varlistentry><term>View Directories: - ls</term>
1407
The <application>ls</application> (LiSt) lists files in different colors with
1408
full formatted text.
1413
<varlistentry><term>Create Directories: - mkdir (directory name)</term>
1416
The <application>mkdir</application> (MaKeDIRectory) command will create a
1422
<varlistentry><term>Change Directories: - cd (/directory/location)</term>
1425
The <application>cd</application> (Change Directory) command will change from
1426
your current directory to any directory you specify.
1431
<varlistentry><term>Copy Files/Directories: - cp (file or directory name) (to
1432
directory or filename)</term>
1435
The <application>cp</application> (CoPy) command will copy any files you
1436
specify. The <application>cp -r</application> command will copy any directories
1442
<varlistentry><term>Remove Files/Directories: - rm (file or directory
1446
The <application>rm</application> (ReMove) command will delete any filename you
1447
specify. The <application>rm -r</application> command will remove any directory
1448
you specify, and all its contents.
1453
<varlistentry><term>Move/Rename Files/Directories: - mv (file or directory
1457
The <application>mv</application> (MoVe) command will move/rename any file or
1458
directory you specify.
1463
<varlistentry><term>Find Files/Directories: - locate (file or directory
1467
The <application>locate</application> command will search for any filename you
1468
specify. It uses an index of the files on your system to work quickly. To update
1469
this index, run the command <application>sudo updatedb</application>. This
1470
command is run automatically each day if you leave your computer on. It needs to
1471
be run with administrative privileges (see <xref linkend="root-and-sudo"/>).
1478
You can also use wildcards to match one or more files, such as "*" (for all
1479
files) or "?" (to match one character).
1483
<sect2 id="switch-to-console" status="complete">
1484
<title>Switching to Console mode</title>
1487
The usual method of command-line access in Kubuntu is to start a terminal (see
1488
<xref linkend="starting-konsole"/> above), however sometimes it is useful to
1489
switch to the real console:
1495
Use the <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
1496
<keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> shortcut keys to switch to the first console.
1501
<para>To switch back to Desktop mode, use the <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
1502
<keycap>F7</keycap></keycombo> shortcut keys.
1508
<para>There are six consoles available. Each one is accessible with the
1509
shortcut keys <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
1510
<keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> to <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap>
1511
<keycap>F6</keycap></keycombo>.
1516
<sect2 id="disable-terminal-beep" status="complete">
1517
<title>Disabling the beep sound in Terminal mode</title>
1522
Start a <application>Konsole</application> session, select by going to
1523
<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Konsole - Terminal Program</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1531
<guimenu>Settings</guimenu>
1532
<guisubmenu>Bell</guisubmenu>
1533
<guimenuitem>None</guimenuitem>
1535
to disable the system bell.
1542
<!-- RESTART X SERVER -->
1543
<sect1 id="restart-x" status="draft">
1544
<title>Restart Kubuntu without rebooting</title>
1547
To restart Kubuntu, or the <productname>X Window System</productname>, simply
1549
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Backspace</keycap>
1550
</keycombo>. This will take you to a blank screen momentarily and then bring
1551
you back to the login screen (<acronym>KDM</acronym>).
1555
<!-- TEXT EDITING -->
1556
<sect1 id="text-editing" status="complete">
1557
<title>Text Editing</title>
1560
All of the configurations and settings in Linux are saved in text files. Even
1561
though you most often can edit configurations through the graphical interface,
1562
you may occasionally have to edit them by hand. <application>Kate</application>
1563
is the default Kubuntu text editor, which can be launched by going to
1564
<menuchoice><guimenu>KMenu</guimenu><guisubmenu>Utilities</guisubmenu>
1565
<guimenuitem>Kate - Advanced Text Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
1569
At times in this guide, <application>Kate</application> is run from the command
1570
line using <application>kdesu</application>, as most configuration files require
1571
root privileges to alter them. It is recommended that you also run
1572
<application>kdesu</application> from the command line when shown in this guide.
1576
If you need to use a text editor from the command line, you can use
1577
<application>nano</application>, which is a simple to use text editor. When
1578
running it from the command line, always use the following command, which
1579
ensures that the editor will not introduce line breaks:<screen>nano -w</screen>
1583
For more information about how to use <application>nano</application>, refer to
1584
the <ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NanoHowto">guide on the wiki</ulink>.
1588
There are also quite a few other terminal-based editors available in Kubuntu,
1589
popular ones include <application>VIM</application> and
1590
<application>Emacs</application> (the pros and cons of each are cause for much
1591
friendly debate within the Linux community). These are often more complex to use
1592
than <application>nano</application>, but are also more powerful.
added
removed
kubuntu/basic-concepts/bn/basic-concepts.xml
