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<sect1 id="what-is-linux">
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<title>GNU/Linux �Ȥ�?</title>
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Linux is an operating system: a series of programs that let you
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interact with your computer and run other programs.
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Linux �ϥ��ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ� (���ʤ��ȥ���ԥ塼���δ֤�Ω����
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¾�Υץ�������¹Ԥ������Ϣ�Υץ������) �Ǥ���
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An operating system consists of various fundamental programs which are
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needed by your computer so that it can communicate and receive
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instructions from users; read and write data to hard disks, tapes, and
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printers; control the use of memory; and run other software. The most
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important part of an operating system is the kernel. In a GNU/Linux
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system, Linux is the kernel component. The rest of the system
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consists of other programs, many of which were written by or for the
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GNU Project. Because the Linux kernel alone does not form a working
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operating system, we prefer to use the term <quote>GNU/Linux</quote>
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to refer to systems that many people casually refer to as
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���ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ�ϡ��͡��ʴ���Ū�ʥץ�������ޤ�Ǥ��ޤ���
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�����ˤ�äơ�����ԥ塼���ϡ��桼���ȸ�����ؼ��������ä��ꡢ
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�ϡ��ɥǥ�������ơ��ס��ץ�˥ǡ������ɤ߽����ꡢ
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����λȤ��������椷���ꡢ¾�Υ��եȥ�������¹Ԥ����ꤹ�뤳�Ȥ�
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�Ǥ��ޤ������ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ�κǤ���פ���ʬ�ϡ������ͥ�Ǥ���
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GNU/Linux �����ƥ�ˤ����Ƥϡ�Linux �������ͥ�Ǥ��������ƥ��
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�Ĥ����ʬ�ϡ�¾�Υץ������ǤǤ��Ƥ��ꡢ��������ʬ�� GNU
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�ץ��������Ȥˤ�äƽ줿��ΤǤ���Linux �����ͥ�����Ǥ�
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ư��륪�ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ�����Ǥ��ޤ���Τǡ�
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¿���οͤ�����Ū��<quote>Linux</quote>�ȸƤ֥����ƥ�Τ��Ȥ�
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�䤿����<quote>GNU/Linux</quote>�ȸƤ֤褦�ˤ��Ƥ��ޤ���
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Linux is modelled on the Unix operating system. From the start, Linux
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was designed to be a multi-tasking, multi-user system. These facts are
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enough to make Linux different from other well-known operating
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systems. However, Linux is even more different than you might
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imagine. In contrast to other operating systems, nobody owns
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Linux. Much of its development is done by unpaid volunteers.
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Linux �� Unix ���ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ����ܤˤ��Ƥ��ޤ���
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���餫�顢Linux �� �ޥ�����������ޥ���桼�������ƥ�Ȥ����߷פ���ޤ�����
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���λ��¤ˤ�ꡢLinux ��¾��ͭ̾�ʥ��ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ���Ф���
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��������Linux �Ϥ��ʤ�������������⤵��˰ۤʤäƤ��ޤ���
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¾�Υ��ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ�Ȥ��о�Ū�ˡ�ï�� Linux ���ͭ���ޤ���
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���γ�ȯ��¿����̵���Υܥ��ƥ����ˤ�äƹԤ��ޤ���
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Development of what later became GNU/Linux began in 1984, when the
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<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/">Free Software Foundation</ulink>
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began development of a free unix -like operating system called GNU.
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��� GNU/Linux �ˤʤ��Τγ�ȯ�� 1984 ǯ��
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<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/">�ե���եȥ���������</ulink>
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�� GNU �Ȥ��� Unix �饤���ʥ��ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ�γ�ȯ��Ϥ�Ȥ���
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The GNU Project has developed a comprehensive set of free software
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tools for use with Unix™ and Unix-like operating systems such as
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Linux. These tools enable users to perform tasks ranging from the
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mundane (such as copying or removing files from the system) to the
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arcane (such as writing and compiling programs or doing sophisticated
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editing in a variety of document formats).
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GNU �ץ��������Ȥϡ�Unix™ �䡢Linux �ʤɤ� Unix �饤����
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���ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ�ȶ��˻Ȥ�����ΰ�Ϣ�Υե���եȥ�����
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�ġ����ȯ���Ƥ��ޤ����������Υġ���ϡ�
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�ե�����Υ��ԡ�������Ȥ��ä�����Ū�ʺ�Ȥ��顢
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�ץ������κ���������ѥ�����͡��ʥɥ�����ȥե����ޥåȤ�
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���٤��Խ��Ȥ��ä���ȤޤǤ��ǽ�ˤ��ޤ���
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While many groups and individuals have contributed to Linux, the
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largest single contributor is still the Free Software Foundation,
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which created not only most of the tools used in Linux, but also the
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philosophy and the community that made Linux possible.
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¿���Υ��롼�פ�Ŀͤ� Linux �˴�Ϳ������ǡ�
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�����ñ�ȹ��ԤϤ��ޤ��� (Linux ����ǻ��Ѥ����ۤȤ�ɤΥġ�������Ǥʤ�
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ů�ؤ��������) �ե���եȥ��������Ĥȡ�
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Linux ���ǽ�ˤ������ߥ�˥ƥ����Ǥ���
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The <ulink url="&url-kernel-org;">Linux kernel</ulink> first
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appeared in 1991, when a Finnish computing science student named Linus
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Torvalds announced an early version of a replacement kernel for Minix
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to the Usenet newsgroup <userinput>comp.os.minix</userinput>. See
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Linux International's
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<ulink url="&url-linux-history;">Linux History Page</ulink>.
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<ulink url="&url-kernel-org;">Linux �����ͥ�</ulink>�ϡ�
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Linus Torvalds �Ȥ����ե�����ɿͤη����ʳؤγ�����
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1991 ǯ�ˡ�Usenet �� <userinput>comp.os.minix</userinput> �˥塼�����롼�פ�
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Minix �����إ����ͥ�ν���С��������ɽ�����Τ��Ϥޤ�Ǥ���
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Linux International ��
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<ulink url="&url-linux-history;">Linux �ˤΥڡ���</ulink>
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Linus Torvalds continues to coordinate the work of several hundred
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developers with the help of a few trusty deputies. An excellent
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weekly summary of discussions on the
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<userinput>linux-kernel</userinput> mailing list is
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<ulink url="&url-kernel-traffic;">Kernel Traffic</ulink>.
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More information about the <userinput>linux-kernel</userinput> mailing
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list can be found on the
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<ulink url="&url-linux-kernel-list-faq;">linux-kernel mailing list FAQ</ulink>.
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Linus Torvalds �ϡ����ͤο��ѤǤ��붨�ϼԤν��������ơ�
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��ɴ�ͤγ�ȯ�ԤλŻ���Ĵ����³���Ƥ��ޤ���
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<userinput>linux-kernel</userinput> ���ꥹ�Ȥˤ����������
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<ulink url="&url-kernel-traffic;">Kernel Traffic</ulink> ��
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�ɤळ�Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���<userinput>linux-kernel</userinput> ���ꥹ�Ȥ�
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<ulink url="&url-linux-kernel-list-faq;">linux-kernel ���ꥹ�� FAQ</ulink>
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Linux users have immense freedom of choice in their software. For
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example, Linux users can choose from a dozen different command line
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shells and several graphical desktops. This selection is often
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bewildering to users of other operating systems, who are not used to
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thinking of the command line or desktop as something that they can
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Linux �桼���ϡ������Υ��եȥ��������礭������μ�ͳ����äƤ��ޤ���
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�㤨�С�Linux�桼���ϡ�1 �������ΰۤʤ륳�ޥ�ɥ饤�����
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����Υ���ե�����ǥ����ȥåפ��椫�����֤��Ȥ��Ǥ��ޤ���
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��������Ǥ���Ȥ������Ȥ������Ф��Х��ޥ�ɥ饤���ǥ����ȥåפ�
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�ѹ��Ǥ���Ȥ����ͤ��˴���Ƥ��ʤ���
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¾�Υ��ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ�Υ桼�������Ǥ����Ƥ��ޤ���
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Linux is also less likely to crash, better able to run more than one
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program at the same time, and more secure than many operating
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systems. With these advantages, Linux is the fastest growing operating
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system in the server market. More recently, Linux has begun to be
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popular among home and business users as well.
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Linux �Ϥޤ����ۤȤ�ɥ���å��夻����
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ʣ���Υץ�������Ʊ���˼¹Ԥ���Τ�ͥ���ǡ�
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¿���Υ��ڥ졼�ƥ������ƥ�������Ǥ���
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�����������ˤ�ꡢLinux �ϥ����С��Ծ�ǺǤ����Ĺ���Ƥ���
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����˺ǶᡢLinux�ϡ��ۡ��ࡦ�ӥ��ͥ��桼���ˤ�͵����лϤ�ޤ�����